結構工程期刊

第四十一卷第二期(期別160)(115年)

作者:

第四十一卷第二期 (期別160) (115年)

「抗近斷層地震之中高樓建築物耐震性能提升技術」 特刊引言
客座主編:蕭輔沛組長、李翼安助理教授

標題 「抗近斷層地震之中高樓建築物耐震性能提升技術」 特刊引言
作者
蕭輔沛、李翼安

      本期《結構工程》特刊以「抗近斷層地震之中高樓建築物耐震性能提升技術」為主題，
聚焦台灣高震害潛勢環境下，中高樓建築物面對近斷層地震作用之關鍵課題。依據中央地質調
查所資料，台灣地區活動斷層分布密集，近斷層影響範圍涵蓋人口與建築規模龐大；而近斷層
地震所具備之速度脈衝效應、長週期震波與大地表位移等特性，對中高樓建築物所造成之衝擊
顯著高於一般遠域地震。此類極端地震需求，已對現行耐震設計理念與評估方法提出嚴峻挑戰。
回顧國內外既有研究，對於近斷層地震動特性雖已有相當成果，然在結構系統行為、倒
塌機制、性能評估與補強技術整合方面，仍存有明顯落差；尤其針對中高樓及不規則建築，現
行設計規範多僅以簡化調整因子處理，尚未能充分反映近斷層效應之複雜影響。因此，如何結
合實驗、分析與新興技術，建立合理且具工程可行性之耐震評估與補強方法，已成為當前結構
工程領域亟需突破的重要方向。
      本特刊收錄論文皆源自國家科學及技術委員會整合型研究計畫成果，內容涵蓋構件行為、
系統分析、補強技術與智慧化評估等面向，具體展現跨尺度與跨方法整合之研究進展。上述研
究成果，配合國家地震工程研究中心台南實驗室先進試驗設備，不僅強化構件、系統至結構層
級之連結，更為未來耐震設計規範與補強技術之發展奠定重要基礎。
謹代表特刊編輯團隊，誠摯感謝所有作者之投入與貢獻，期盼本期特刊能促進學術與實
務之交流，深化我國在近斷層地震工程領域之研究能量，並持續推動建築結構朝向更安全、韌
性與永續之發展。

                                                      國家實驗研究院國家地震工程研究中心　蕭輔沛　組長
                                   國立中興大學土木工程學系　　　　　　李翼安　助理教授　　謹誌
                                                                                          結構工程期刊　特刊客座主編
                                                                                                      2026 年 6 月
標題  鋼筋混凝土二元系統中不同形狀剪力牆之剪力強度預測
作者
凌于哲、黃世建
關鍵字
剪力強度、鋼筋混凝土、剪力牆、不同形狀、壓拉桿模型、二元系統
摘要
準確預測不同形狀剪力牆之剪力強度對鋼筋混凝土二元系統建築物的結構安 全與設計至關重要。然而，現行「建築物混凝土結構設計規範」（簡稱土木 401- 112）之牆剪力強度公式因缺乏合理的剪力傳遞機制，且考慮的影響參數有限，導 致其預測結果具有顯著的離散性。本研究基於軟化壓拉桿 (softened strut-and-tie, SST) 模型提出一套評估方法，以改善不同形狀剪力牆剪力強度的預測準確性。同 時，透過曲線近似推導出簡化的混凝土壓桿有效面積公式，在維持預測精度的情況 下提升計算效率。所提出之 SST 模型以 281 筆低矮型剪力牆試驗資料進行驗證，其 涵蓋矩形、啞鈴形及翼形牆，並進一步與土木 401-112、美國混凝土學會 (American Concrete Institute, ACI) 規範 ACI 318-25 公式進行比較。結果顯示，本研究所提出 的模型在剪力強度與最大剪力強度的預測上皆展現出良好的準確性，提供一種兼具 力學基礎且可靠的剪力牆剪力強度評估方法。
Title  Shear Strength Prediction of Shear Walls With Different Shapes in Reinforced Concrete Dual Systems
Author

 

Yu-Che Ling ,
Shyh-Jiann Hwang
Keywords

 

shear strength,
reinforced concrete, shear wall, various shapes, strut-and-tie model, dual
system
Abstract  
Accurate shear strength prediction of reinforced concrete (RC) squat walls with different shapes is critical for structural safety and design in RC buildings using dual systems. However, wall shear strength equation in current Design Specifications for Concrete Structures (Civil 401- 112) exhibits significant scatter due to lack of a rational force transfer mechanism and limited parameter considerations. This study develops an analytical model based on the softened strutand-tie (SST) approach to improve shear strength predictions. A simplified equation for the concrete strut area is derived through curve approximation, enhancing computational efficiency of the SST model while maintaining accuracy. The proposed SST model is validated using experimental data from 281 squat walls, including rectangular, barbell, and flanged walls, and this study further presents a closer look into Civil 401-112 and American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-25 code equations. Results show that the proposed model achieves competitive accuracy in both general shear strength and maximum shear strength predictions, offering a robust and mechanics-based model for wall shear capacity estimation.
標題 結合倒塌模擬與深度學習進行震後建物損壞分級
作者

 

侯政仁、江寶田、侯琮欽
關鍵字

 

建築倒塌模擬、深度學習、合成資料、PointNet、點雲
摘要

 

面對地震導致的建築物損壞問題，本研究嘗試解決災後仰賴大量耗時費力且
具安全風險挑戰的人工評估作業。高品質真實震損數據的稀缺性為限制深度學 習應用的主要瓶頸，本文目標是發展一套結合倒塌模擬與深度學習的自動化評
估工作流程，特別專注於生成標註合成資料。研究方法上，我們利用離散元法 (discrete element method, DEM)
與物理引擎（Blender 結合 BCB (bullet constraints builder)）系統性地生成大量多樣且具物理特性的 3D
建築損壞模型，建置包含輕微、 中度與重度損壞三類等級的合成點雲資料集。分類模型採用 3D 點雲處理領域具代 表性的 PointNet
進行訓練與效能評估。PointNet 能直接處理原始點雲資料，並透過 最大池化操作聚合全域特徵，有效對應點雲數據的無序性。本文建置合成資料集共 300
筆損壞建築點雲資料，分為輕度損壞、中度損壞與重度損壞各 100 筆。採用 K 摺交叉驗證 (K-fold cross validation)
方式進行訓練與測試，結果顯示模型總體平均 準確率超過 95.00% 展現良好的穩定性。對於測試集（結構形式有所落差的建築），
模型仍具備初步泛化能力，分類準確率達到 86.67%。本文的貢獻在於結合倒塌模 擬合成資料與深度學習，建立一套具自動化與可擴展性的創新流程，能以低成本解
決數據瓶頸，為震後建物損壞快速分級提供具高度應用價值的輔助技術。
Title

 

Deep Learning–Based
Post-Earthquake Building Damage Classification Enhanced by Collapse
Simulation
Author

 

Cheng-Jen Hou,
Bao-Tian Chiang, Tsung-Chin Hou
Keywords

 

building collapse
simulation, deep learning, synthetic data, PointNet, point cloud
Abstract  
Taiwan, located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, experiences frequent earthquakes that pose significant risks to urban buildings. Conventional post-earthquake building damage assessment primarily relies on manual field inspections, which are time-consuming, costly, hazardous, and often subject to human judgment. To address these limitations and the scarcity of real-world damage data, this study proposes an automated post-earthquake building damage classification framework that integrates physics-based collapse simulation with deep learning. A simulationdriven data generation workflow is developed using the open-source 3D software Blender coupled with the bullet constraints builder (BCB) physics engine. Based on the discrete element method (DEM), large-scale synthetic point cloud datasets with explicit physical attributes are generated and manually labeled in accordance with established domestic and international standards for post-disaster assessment. For automated damage classification, the PointNet deep learning architecture is adopted, and K-fold cross-validation is applied to ensure robust model training and evaluation. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves an average classification accuracy exceeding 95.00% on validation datasets structurally consistent with the training data. Moreover, an accuracy of 86.67% is maintained on an independent test dataset, indicating promising generalization capability and knowledge transfer potential. The results demonstrate the feasibility of combining synthetic collapse simulation data with deep learning for the automated assessment of post-earthquake building damage. The proposed framework offers a scalable, costeffective, and automation-oriented solution that supports rapid post-disaster decision-making and enhances the digitalization of structural damage assessment workflows.
標題 軟補強─RC 構架內置型簡易補強工法與 評估模式介紹
作者

 

杜怡萱、陳風多、連偉鈞、林均容
關鍵字

 

鋼筋混凝土、耐震補強、耐震評估、軟弱底層
摘要

 

本研究針對台灣典型低層街屋之建築結構特性，提出一套施工簡便之耐震補強
工法，以化學錨栓將鋼骨構件附加於鋼筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete, RC) 構架內
側，透過足尺單柱與構架往復側推試驗，驗證工法之可行性與有效性。本研究設計 兩種補強鋼骨接合形式：承壓接合與彎矩接合，試驗結果顯示無論何者皆能顯著提
升補強後結構之側向勁度與強度，有效改善典型街屋常見軟弱底層問題。彎矩接合 形式強度較佳，但對韌性可能有所減損；承壓接合強度稍低但不減韌性，並可減少
梁底錨栓需求。此工法具備施工簡便、不需開挖基礎、可於構架內部完全施作等優 勢，能節省工期、降低成本及施工對使用者之影響。為便於實務應用，本研究提出
適用於詳細耐震評估之側推分析模型，亦提出可快速檢核側力強度之簡易估算法， 兩者皆經試驗結果比對，能準確模擬補強前後構架行為與強度。
Title

 

Soft Retrofit─A
Simple Interior Seismic Retrofit Method and Evaluation Model for RC Frame
Structures
Author

 

Yi-Hsuan Tu ,
Fong-Duo Chen, Wei-Chun Lian, Chun-Jung Lin
Keywords

 

reinforced
concrete, seismic retrofit, seismic assessment, soft first story
Abstract  
This study proposes a simple seismic retrofit method for typical low-rise street-houses in Taiwan by attaching steel members to reinforced concrete (RC) frames with chemical anchors. Full-scale column and frame cyclic lateral loading tests were conducted to verify its feasibility and effectiveness. Two connection types of retrofitting steel members were designed: compression connections and moment connections. Test results indicate that both significantly enhance the lateral stiffness and strength of retrofitted structures, effectively mitigating the common softfirst-story problem in street-houses. While moment connections provide higher strength with some potential reduction in ductility, compression connections yield slightly lower strength but maintain ductility and reduce anchorage demands on beam bottoms. The method requires no foundation excavation, can be installed entirely within the frame, and minimizes cost, time, and user disruption. A pushover analysis model and a simplified strength estimation method were also developed and validated, providing reliable tools for practical seismic assessment.
標題
探討以碳纖維增強聚合物 (CFRP) 線材補強之鋼筋 混凝土 T 型梁剪力性能：實驗觀察與解析評估
作者
Banu Ardi
Hidayat、胡宣德、蕭輔沛、Muhammad Amirul Chanif Rizaldi、Salfarras Rafliandra Aqil、Sri
Tudjono、Bobby Rio Indriyantho、Yanuar Haryanto、Laurencius Nugroho
關鍵字
剪力補強、碳纖維增強聚合物
(CFRP)、近表面埋設法 (NSM)、剪力強度、 破壞模式
摘要
當前許多鋼筋混凝土
(reinforced concrete, RC) 結構因早期設計未採用延性配
筋，導致其抗剪能力不足，於地震作用下易發生脆性破壞。本研究探討以碳纖維增
強聚合物 (carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, CFRP) 線材作為創新的剪力補強方式，
應用於 RC T 型梁之加勁補強。CFRP 線材經由拉擠與樹脂浸漬製程製成，並以近
表面埋設 (near surface mounted, NSM) 技術沿梁周邊配置。兩根試體在雙點載重下
進行試驗，以模擬剪力控制破壞行為。實驗結果顯示，CFRP 線材補強能有效提升
剪力約束能力並延緩斜裂縫擴展，使剪力強度略有增加，而延性則顯著提高達。依
據印尼國家設計規範與 Zararis 模型進行的分析結果指出，傳統設計公式低估了實
際剪力承載力，顯示中等剪跨比之梁構件亟需修正設計準則。整體而言，研究結果
證實 CFRP 線材可作為一種高效、輕量且永續的補強方案，有助於提升 RC 梁之抗
剪性能與變形能力，為地震補強工程提供具潛力的可持續性解決途徑。
Title

 

Investigating the
Shear Resistance of RC T-Beams Retrofitted With CFRP Strings: Experimental
Observations and Analytical Evaluation
Author

 

Banu Ardi Hidayat,
Hsuan-Teh Hu1, Fu-Pei Hsiao, Muhammad Amirul Chanif Rizaldi, Salfarras
Rafliandra Aqil, Sri Tudjono, Bobby Rio Indriyantho , Yanuar Haryanto,
Laurencius Nugroho
Keywords

 

shear
strengthening, CFRP, NSM, shear capacity, failure
Abstract  
Existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures frequently demonstrate insufficient shear resistance owing to non-ductile detailing, rendering them vulnerable to brittle failure during seismic events. This study examines the alternative application of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strings as a novel shear strengthening solution for RC T-beams. The CFRP strings were produced via a pultrusion and resin impregnation process, and thereafter integrated along the beam perimeter utilizing the near surface mounted (NSM) technique. Two beam specimens were subjected to testing under a two-point loading configuration to induce shear-critical behavior. Experimental observations indicated that CFRP string strengthening enhanced shear confinement and postponed diagonal crack propagation, leading to an increase in shear capacity and a significant enhancement in ductility. Analytical evaluation using the Indonesian Standard Code and Zararis’s model revealed that conventional design equations underestimated actual shear capacity, highlighting the necessity for updated formulations for beams with moderate shear span-to-depth ratios. Overall, the results demonstrate that CFRP strings serve as an efficient and lightweight retrofit option for enhancing the shear performance and deformation capacity of RC beams, presenting a sustainable solution for seismic strengthening applications.
標題

 

新型無握裹後拉預力預鑄 UHPC
結構牆之 實驗行為與分析模型
作者

 

林晉丞、徐子正、洪崇展
關鍵字

 

無握裹預力預鑄牆、UHPC、破壞模式控制、節塊開合、自復位能力、
OpenSees
摘要

 

無握裹預力預鑄混凝土牆因具備優異自復位能力，可有效減少震後之修復需
求，因此被視為具高耐震韌性的結構構件。然而在層間位移需求較大時，牆體常於 角隅處發生混凝土壓碎，限制其整體性能與軸向承載能力。為改善此問題，本研究
探討超高性能混凝土 (ultra-high-performance concrete, UHPC) 應用於無握裹預力
預鑄牆之可行性，並評估耐震行為。研究根據美國混凝土學會 (American Concrete Institute, ACI) 規範 ACI 550.6 與
ACI 550.7 設計兩座試體，分別使用一般混凝土或 UHPC，後續透過反覆載重試驗，探討新型牆體之破壞模式、強度與節塊開合之行
為。結果顯示，與一般混凝土相比，UHPC 試體在相同軸力作用下未出現顯著裂縫， 並展現優異的自復位能力與極小的殘餘位移，其中，數位影像關係
(digital image correlation, DIC) 分析顯示，UHPC 試體應變分布均勻，裂縫受纖維橋接效應控制，
使變形需求得以有效分散，角隅處未出現明顯之局部破壞，試體呈現穩定撓曲行 為。整體而言，UHPC 試體行為在設計基準地震 (design basis
earthquake, DBE) 的 各項性能指標中更顯提升，並證實 UHPC 材料能顯著改善無握裹預力預鑄牆之韌性
與自復位性能。另一方面，本研究使用開放式地震工程模擬系統 OpenSees (Open System for Earthquake Engineering
Simulation) 建立有限元素模型，分析結果能準 確模擬試體之力量與位移關係，並模擬節塊間之開合行為，顯示模型可為未來地震 性能評估之可靠工具。
Title

 


Behavior and
Modeling of Novel Unbonded Post-Tensioned Precast UHPC Walls
Author

 

Chin-Cheng Lin,
Tzu-Cheng Hsu, Chung-Chan Hung
Keywords

 

unbonded
post-tensioned precast walls, UHPC, damage control, gap-opening,
selfcentering, OpenSees
Abstract

 

Unbonded post-tensioned precast walls are recognized for their excellent seismic resilience due to a self-centering ability that minimizes post-earthquake repair needs. While this system offers significant advantages, conventional concrete walls often experience concrete crushing at the corners under large displacements, limiting their performance and axial load capacity. To overcome this limitation, this study investigates the application of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) in unbonded post-tensioned precast walls and evaluates their seismic behavior. Following the design principles outlined in ACI (American Concrete Institute) 550.6 and ACI 550.7, two scaled wall specimens were tested under cyclic loading, one with conventional concrete and one with UHPC. Compared to the conventional concrete wall, The results demonstrate that the UHPC wall exhibited no significant cracking and showed superior self-centering and minimal residual displacement under the same axial load. Digital image correlation (DIC) analysis revealed that the UHPC specimen exhibited a more uniform strain distribution and suppressed compression concentration at the wall corners. The fiber-bridging effect effectively controlled crack propagation, resulting in a stable flexural-dominated response and delayed localized crushing. Overall, the UHPC specimen more effectively satisfied the performance objectives corresponding to the design basis earthquake (DBE) level, indicating enhanced strength and deformation capacity. Furthermore, finite element models of the walls were developed in OpenSees (Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation) and validated against the experimental data. These models accurately simulate the load-displacement behavior of unbonded post-tensioned precast walls, providing a reliable tool for future seismic performance assessment.
Q&A

第四十一卷第一期 (期別159) (115年)

作者:

第四十一卷第一期 (期別159) (115年)

標題非線性動力分析性能評估法於裝設質量阻尼器結構 之減震效能評估應用
作者林錦隆、盧煉元、于天智
關鍵字性能評估、質量阻尼器、非線性結構、減震效能評估、文氏模型、變頻式 質量阻尼器
摘要在傳統調諧質量阻尼器 (tuned mass damper, TMD) 之設計與減震效能評估中， 通常假設主結構為線性系統。然而，當主結構於地震過程中進入非線性狀態時， 其自振頻率將隨時間變化，導致TMD產生離頻效應 (detuning effect)，進而影響 其減震效能。有鑑於此，本文旨在發展一套系統化的非線性動力分析性能評估法， 作為評估非線性結構配置質量阻尼器減震效能之依據。文中並以一棟配置勁度可 控式質量阻尼器 (mass damper with controllable stiffness, MDCS) 之非線性結構為 例，系統化的評估MDCS於不同地震強度下之減震效能。本文首先透過振動台實 驗資料，建立一棟3層樓足尺鋼構主結構之非線性模型，作為設計MDCS參數與 進行數值模擬之基礎。接續選用20筆與設計反應譜相符 (compatible) 之震波，進 行MDCS減震效能評估；震波強度則依據台灣耐震設計規範中某震區之設計係數與 危害度曲線，分為三種地震等級：常態地震力 (service level earthquake, SLE)、設 計地震力 (design basis earthquake, DBE) 與最大考量地震力 (maximum considered earthquake, MCE)。評估結果顯示，即使在MCE強震作用下結構進入非線性行為 時MDCS仍具減震能力，其減震效能與經最佳化設計之被動TMD相當，且在大多 數情況下可大幅降低最大衝程需求，展現良好之實務應用潛力。
TitleNonlinear Dynamic Analysis-Based Seismic Performance Assessment Method for Structures With Mass Dampers
AuthorGing-Long Lin, Lyan-Ywan Lu, Tian-Zhi Yu
Keywordsperformance assessment, mass dampers, nonlinear structure, seismic mitigation assessment, Bouc-Wen model, variable-stiffness mass damper
AbstractThe design and seismic performance evaluation of traditional passive tuned mass dampers (TMD) are typically based on the assumption that the primary structure behaves as a linear system. However, when the primary structure enters a nonlinear state during seismic excitation, its natural frequency becomes time-dependent, resulting in a detuning effect that may degrades the vibration mitigation performance of the TMD. In response to this limitation, this study aims to develop a nonlinear dynamic analysis-based performance assessment method for evaluating the control effectiveness of mass dampers installed in nonlinear structures. As a demonstration, the proposed assessment method is used to investigate the performance of a nonlinear structure equipped with a mass damper with controllable stiffness (MDCS). A nonlinear model of a full scale three-story steel structure was first developed based on shaking table test data and used as the foundation for MDCS parameter design and subsequent numerical simulations. A set of 20 ground motions compatible with the design response spectrum was selected to evaluate the seismic control performance of the MDCS system. The intensities of these ground motions were scaled to three codified intensity levels: service level earthquake (SLE), design basis earthquake (DBE), and maximum considered earthquake (MCE). The assessment results indicate that even under strong ground motions at the MCE level, when the structure exhibits nonlinear behavior, the MDCS still provides effective vibration control, with performance roughly equal to that of an optimally designed passive TMD. Moreover, it significantly reduces the required maximum stroke as compared to the passive system, highlighting its practical advantages and potential for implementation in real-world engineering applications.
標題以FLAC3D Byrne模型探討地下構造物於不同埋置 深度之地層反應
作者白郁宇
關鍵字Byrne模型、潛盾隧道、土壤液化、超額孔隙水壓力
摘要本研究利用FLAC3D (fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions) 所提 供計算土體液化的Byrne模型，模擬地下構造物不存在與存在的情況下，地盤在波 動場的動力作用下對孔隙水壓的影響。研究結果說明，地下結構物的實心與否及埋 深，會影響地下結構物上方和下方地盤的孔隙水壓力大小；在沒有地下構造物存的 情況下，因地震所引起的超額孔隙水壓力隨著地盤覆土深度的增加而減少；在有地 下構造物存的情況下，因地震所引起的地盤向上浮托使得孔隙水壓力下降至0，地 盤土壤呈現鬆散狀況。在都會區設計地下車站和潛盾隧道，如採用日本道路協會「共 同溝設計指針」地下構造物抗上浮安全係數定義及計算公式來評估地下構造物抗浮 穩定性，對於超額孔隙水壓力的計算，需要謹慎評估。
TitleStudy on the Ground Response of Underground Structures at Different Burial Depths Using FLAC3D Byrne Model
AuthorJin-Yueih Bair
KeywordsByrne model, mechanised shield tunnelling, soil liquefaction, excess pore water pressure
AbstractThis study uses the Byrne model provided by FLAC3D (fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions) to calculate soil liquefaction, simulating the impact of the ground on pore water pressure under the dynamic action of a wave field, both in the absence and presence of underground structures. The research results indicate that whether an underground structure is solid and its burial depth affects the pore water pressure above and below the underground structure.; In the absence of underground structures, the excess pore water pressure caused by an earthquake decreases with increasing ground cover depth. In the presence of underground structures, the uplift of the ground caused by an earthquake reduces the pore water pressure to zero, resulting in a loose soil condition. When designing underground stations and shield tunnels in metropolitan areas, if the Japan Road Association’s Common Tunnel Design Guidelines definition and calculation formula for the safety factor of the underground structure’s anti buoyancy stability are used to assess the anti-buoyancy stability of the underground structure, the calculation of excess pore water pressure needs to be carefully evaluated.
標題離岸風機塔架結構之調諧質量阻尼器之 強健性最佳化設計
作者顏晴、蔡謙睿、詹鵬台
關鍵字調諧質量阻尼器、離岸風機塔架、結構最佳化、參數不確定性、逆元素交換法
摘要在調諧質量阻尼器 (tuned mass dampers, TMD) 設計中，避免離頻效應是一項 主要挑戰，因此提升系統的強健性尤為重要。本研究針對離岸風機塔架結構進行減 振控制最佳化，採用單一調諧質量阻尼器 (single tuned mass damper, STMD) 配置 方式為初始配置，並使用拉丁超立方抽樣 (Latin hypercube sampling, LHS) 對結構 總體質量與勁度引入變異，以模擬實際結構之不確定性。研究中透過多階層規劃之 逆元素交換法 (multi-level inverse element exchange method, MulIEEM)，分別針對 樣本平均值最小化、樣本標準差最小化與單一樣本最小化三種不同目標函數，進行 TMD質量、勁度與阻尼參數之最佳化配置。外力建模方面，利用不同風浪條件進 行檢核。結果顯示，各最佳化配置於最大位移平均值與標準差等統計指標皆展現明 顯改善，MulIEEM能有效導引配置以降低反應並提升強健性。綜合控制效能與計 算資源考量，以單一樣本進行最佳化可同時兼顧減振效果與強健性。
TitleOptimizing Robustness of Tuned Mass Dampers in Offshore Wind Turbine Tower Structures
AuthorChing Yen, Qian-Rui Cai, Peng-Tai Chan
Keywordstuned mass damper, offshore wind turbine tower, structural optimization, parameter uncertainty, inverse element exchange method
AbstractAvoiding detuning effects is a major challenge in the design of tuned mass dampers (TMD), making the improvement of system robustness crucial. This study optimizes vibration control for offshore wind turbine tower structures using a single tuned mass damper (STMD) configuration as the initial design. Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is employed to introduce variations in the overall mass and stiffness of the structure, simulating the uncertainties of the actual structure. T he study utilizes inverse element exchange with multi-level programming (multi-level inverse element exchange method, MulIEEM) to optimize the mass, stiffness, and damping parameters of the multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMD) for three different objective functions: minimizing the sample mean, minimizing the sample standard deviation, and minimizing a single sample (i.e., the deterministic structure). External force modeling is performed under various wind and wave conditions. The results show that each optimized configuration significantly improves statistical indicators such as the maximum displacement mean and standard deviation. MulIEEM effectively guides the configuration to reduce response and improve robustness. Considering both control performance and computational efforts, optimization using a single sample simultaneously achieves both vibration reduction and robustness.
標題地上型地震超材料之表面波衰減設計策略
作者蘇于琪、周家卉、張宸愷
關鍵字地震超材料、幾何設計、雷利波
摘要近年來，許多針對對建築最具破壞性之表面波的地上型地震超材料設計被提 出，但卻因缺乏跨模型間的系統性比較與分析，無法指出何種單一材料組成的幾何 構型在衰減地震表面波方面最具效益。為填補此一缺口，本研究將過去文獻中的設 計簡化並歸類為四種模型：直立長方體、平躺長方體、尖端朝下的正四面體，以及 尖端朝上的正四面體，其分別代表我們將文獻分類的立柱型、平展型、上集量型、 下集量型的地震超材料設計。此四種模型皆採用晶格常數為2.5 m之週期排列，並 在相同體積與材料性質條件下使用有限元素法分析其對雷利波 (Rayleigh wave) 的 頻散特性加以比較。分析結果顯示，尖端朝下的正四面體可形成最寬且最低頻之 帶隙，範圍為1.21–2.89 Hz與 6.12–9.24 Hz；其次為直立長方體，其帶隙分別為 7.07–7.96 Hz 與 10.76–13.08 Hz；而平躺長方體與尖端朝上之正四面體則僅分別產 生窄帶隙與無帶隙。整體而言，上集量型在低頻衰減表現最佳，但施工穩定性較差； 立柱型則兼具可行性與穩定度。本研究藉由此四種模型之分析與比較，建立一套可 依循之地震波超材料設計策略。
TitleDesign Strategies for Surface Wave Attenuation Using Above-Ground Seismic Metamaterials
AuthorYu-Chi Su, Gu-Hui Zhou, Chen-Kai Zhang
Keywordsseismic metamaterials, geometric design, Rayleigh wave
AbstractIn recent years, numerous above-ground seismic metamaterial designs targeting surface waves—the most destructive type of seismic waves to buildings—have been proposed. However, the lack of systematic cross-model comparison and analysis has made it difficult to identify which single-material geometric configuration is most effective for attenuating seismic surface waves. To address this issue, this study simplifies and categorizes existing designs in the literature into four representative models: an upright rectangular prism, a horizontal rectangular prism, a downward-pointing regular tetrahedron, and an upward-pointing regular tetrahedron. These models respectively represent the pillar-type, planar-type, upper-mass-concentrated, and lower-mass-concentrated seismic metamaterial configurations classified in this work. All four models adopt a periodic arrangement with a lattice constant of 2.5 m and are analyzed under identical volume and material properties using finite element simulations to obtain and compare the band structures. The results show that the downward-pointing tetrahedron produces the widest and lowest-frequency bandgaps, spanning 1.21–2.89 Hz and 6.12–9.24 Hz. The upright rectangular prism follows, exhibiting bandgaps of 7.07–7.96 Hz and 10.76–13.08 Hz. In contrast, the horizontal prism generates only a narrow bandgap, while the upward-pointing tetrahedron produces no bandgap. Overall, the upper-mass-concentrated configuration achieves the best low-frequency attenuation performance, though it is less stable in practical construction. The pillar-type configuration offers narrower bandgaps but provides superior structural stability and feasibility. Through the comparative analysis of these four models, this study establishes a set of design strategies for seismic metamaterials intended for Rayleigh wave attenuation.
標題基於變分模態分解實現離線同步與模態分析
作者林皓哲、黃謝恭、林詠彬、梁文宗、謝有福
關鍵字結構健康監測、低成本感測系統、模態分析、變分模態分解、離線同步
摘要隨著無線感測器網路 (wireless sensor networks, WSN) 或是低成本 (low-cost) 感測系統越來越常應用在結構健康監測 (structural health monitoring, SHM) 技術 中，在結構期服務期間提共安全評估與維護的可行性越來越高，可是各個通道量 測數據出現時間延遲的情況也更為常見，這些延遲往往來自感測器啟動時間不 同、內部時鐘誤差或取樣頻率不一致，進而造成模態形狀失真，降低模態分析 的準確性與可靠度。為解決此問題，本研究結合變分模態分解 (variational mode decomposition, VMD) 與互相關 (cross correlation, CC) 函數進行延遲估測與訊號同 步處理，此外研究透過試驗量測與現地監測之架構，驗證所提方法之穩定性與實用 性，並且使用隨機子空間識別法 (stochastic subspace identification, SSI) 作為主要 的模態分析工具，展示同步與否如何影響結構之主要模態的識別過程，同時展示所 提出之方法具備良好之穩定性與適應性，能有效處理非同步訊號，提升模態參數識 別精度，並減少對同步硬體的依賴。
TitleOffline Synchronization and Modal Analysis Based on Variational Modal Decomposition
AuthorHao-Che Lin, Shieh-Kung Huang, Yung-Bin Lin, Wen-Tzong Liang, Yu-Fu Hsieh
Keywordsstructural health monitoring, low-cost sensing system, modal analysis, variational mode decomposition, offline synchronization
AbstractWith the increasing applications of wireless sensor networks (WSN) or low-cost sensing systems in structural health monitoring (SHM) technology, the feasibility of providing safety assessments and maintenance throughout a structure’s service life has improved significantly. However, time delays of each channel in measurement have become more prevalent since then. These delays often arise from the differences in sensor startup times, internal clock errors, or inconsistent sampling frequencies, resulting in distorted modal shapes and reduced accuracy and reliability in modal analysis. To address this issue, this study combines variational mode decomposition (VMD) with cross-correlation (CC) functions for delay estimation and signal synchronization processing. Furthermore, an experimental study and a field monitoring verification are conducted to examine the stability and practicality of the proposed method. Meanwhile, stochastic subspace identification (SSI) is employed as the primary modal analysis tool, demonstrating how synchronization or lack thereof affects the identification results of a structure’s vibration modes. As a result, the proposed method exhibits excellent stability and adaptability, effectively handling asynchronous signals, enhancing the accuracy of modal parameter identification, and reducing reliance on synchronization hardware.

Q&A(A)_No.159
Q&A(B)_No.159

編輯委員_No.159

第四十卷第四期 (期別158) (114年)

作者:

第四十卷第四期 (期別158) (114年)

標題鋼構與耦合牆結構系統之振動台實驗規劃及數值模擬
作者林皇佐、翁樸文、葉士瑋、沈文成、蕭輔沛、歐昱辰、洪崇展、 Will Pollalis、Santiago Pujol、Rick Henry
關鍵字鋼筋混凝土、耦合牆、剪力連接梁、非線性歷時分析、振動台實驗、結構系統
摘要結構設計過程中基於對建築系統的理想化，常導致個別單獨考慮結構元件，而 沒有充分考慮建築物整體性能。隨著社會對安全、耐震和可修復的建築需求不斷增 加，有必要將建築物視為一個「整體」系統，以確保在各種地震情景下維持功能性。 這項研究的關鍵領域包括結構構件之間的相互作用、樓層位移評估和整體建築之相 互作用，以及設計決策和方法的影響。 本文擬透過鋼構與鋼筋混凝土耦合牆結構系統之振動台實驗規劃及數值模擬， 探討結構體和抗側力系統之間相互作用行為，以及耦合牆間之剪力連接梁耐震設計 與結構行為，並應用全生命週期的耐震設計和非線性歷時分析評估方法，發展具耐 震性能之新式結構系統。建築構件相互作用的力學特性將透過大型結構實驗以及振 動台實驗中建築物性能的現場觀察進行研究。這些數據源將用於開發和驗證最先進 的非線性歷時分析數值模型，來模擬建築構件相互作用的方法。將這些模型綜合和 轉化為設計方法將有助於提高建築物的耐震性。因此本文介紹鋼構與鋼筋混凝土耦 合牆結構系統之振動台實驗規劃及數值模擬，讓國內學者專家能瞭解此國際合作大 型振動台實驗規劃，以及先進鋼構與鋼筋混凝土耦合牆結構系統結構行為，藉以讓 國內工程界能更熟習此先進結構系統。
TitleShake Table Test and Numerical Simulation on a Hybrid Structural Steel-Reinforced Concrete Coupled Wall Building
AuthorHuang-Zuo Lin1, Pu-Wen Weng1, Shih-Wei Yeh, Wen-Cheng Shen1, Fu-Pei Hsiao1, Yu-Chen Ou1, Chung-Chan Hung, Will Pollalis, Santiago Pujol, Rick Henry
Keywordsreinforced concrete, coupled wall, coupling beam, nonlinear time-history analysis, shaking table test, structural system
AbstractThe idealization of building structural design often leads to the independent consideration of structural components without fully accounting for the overall performance of the building. As societal demands for safer, more seismic-resistant, and repairable buildings continue to grow, it is crucial to treat buildings as integrated systems to ensure functionality under various seismic scenarios. Key areas of this research include the interaction between structural components, the assessment of interstory drift, and the overall building response, as well as the implications of design decisions and methodologies. This study aims to investigate the interaction behavior between the structural system and the lateral force-resisting components, as well as the seismic design and structural behavior of coupling beams in coupled walls, through the shaking table test of a steel-reinforced concrete coupled wall structural system. By considering a life-cycle-based seismic design approach and nonlinear time-history analysis, this study seeks to develop a novel structural system with enhanced seismic performance. T he mechanical characteristics of component interactions will be investigated through structural element experiments and experimental observations of shaking table test. These data sources will be used to develop and validate numerical models employing nonlinear time-history analysis to simulate structural component interactions. The integration of these models into design methodologies will contribute to improving seismic resilience in buildings. Therefore, this paper presents the shaking table test planning and numerical simulation of a hybrid structural steel reinforced concrete coupled wall building, providing domestic scholars and experts with insights into this large-scale shaking table test. By understanding the structural behavior of this advanced hybrid structural steel-reinforced concrete coupled wall building, the domestic engineering community can become more familiar with this innovative structural system and its potential applications.

 

標題彎矩與剪力降伏型耐震間柱之特性比較
作者彭冠儒、許嘉峻、吳博騰、蔡克銓
關鍵字彎矩降伏型耐震間柱、剪力降伏型耐震間柱、耐震設計、容量設計、性能 比較、有限元素模型分析
摘要本研究比較彎矩降伏型耐震間柱 (flexural-yielding type stud column, MSC) 與 三段式剪力降伏型耐震間柱 (three-segment shear-yielding seismic stud columns, TVSC) 之力學行為、設計方法與性能差異。兩者分別以彎矩塑鉸與剪力塑鉸作為主 要消能機制，並建立對應之韌性設計與容量設計步驟，以確保耐震間柱在構架中能 穩定發揮耐震性能。為量化比較，本研究提出三種性價比指標，評估兩種構造於側 向勁度與強度之效率。分析結果顯示，在相同鋼材使用量下，MSC所提供之平均側 向勁度與強度分別為TVSC的1.4與2.2倍；若採斷面深度800 mm、間柱高度2.6 m，並由8–50 mm鋼板組合所有可行斷面，結果亦高度一致。惟在固定邊界梁強度 下，TVSC設計需求僅為MSC的0.7倍，可提供構架約為MSC 1.3–1.6倍的側向勁 度，十字子構架之勁度重量比亦較MSC為高，顯示TVSC具強度與勁度可分別調 整之設計優勢，對整體構架更具彈性。進一步以有限元素模型分析深度相同、強度 相近之MSC與TVSC，並對MSC施以端部切削或蓋板處理。結果顯示，MSC經 切削後極限強度降為原型之0.8倍，側向勁度降為0.9倍，且切削處出現局部挫屈， 降低韌性與構架整體效用；TVSC則無明顯局部挫屈，遲滯迴圈更為飽滿。在軸力 作用下，TVSC單圈消能量為傳統MSC之1.8倍，此比值並隨層間變位上升而提高； 其有效側向勁度亦為MSC之1.3倍，展現TVSC在高階性能指標下的優勢。
TitleThe Performance Comparison Between Flexural and Shear Yielding Type Seismic Stud Columns
AuthorGuan-Ru Peng, Jia-Jyun Hsu, Bo-Teng Wu, Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsflexural-yielding type stud column, shear yielding type stud column, seismic design, capacity design, performance comparison, finite element model analysis
AbstractThis study analyzes and compares the performance of two types of seismic stud columns (SSC): flexural-yielding seismic stud columns (MSC) and three-segment shear-yielding seismic stud columns (TVSC). The paper introduces their mechanical behavior and energy dissipation mechanisms, with MSC dissipating energy through flexural plastic hinges and TVSC through shear plastic hinges. Results indicate that MSCs provide higher lateral stiffness and strength than TVSCs for the same unit steel consumption. For a cross-section depth of 800 mm and a SSC height of 2.6 m, and combining all available sections by the steel plates ranging from 8 to 50 mm thick, MSC achieves average lateral stiffness and strength that are 1.4 times and 2.2 times greater than those of TVSC. However, TVSC imposes only 0.7 times the demands on the boundary beams compared to MSC, allowing it to offer higher lateral stiffness for the same boundary beams—approximately 1.3 to 1.6 times that of MSC. In addition, the stiffness-to-weight ratio of the subassembly frame with TVSC exceeds that of MSC, highlighting the advantage of TVSC’s strength and stiffness being independently designed parameters. Finite element model analysis results show that a single MSC adopting reduced sections at two ends exhibit pronounced local buckling, reducing its ultimate shear strength to 0.8 times that of the traditional MSC, while the lateral stiffness drops to 0.9 times. TVSC does not show obvious local buckling and has much better energy dissipation. If axial forces are applied to the SSCs, the energy dissipation area of the TVSC is 1.8 times that of the traditional MSC and this ratio increases with inter-story drift. Additionally, the lateral stiffness of the TVSC is 1.3 times that of the traditional MSC.
標題長跨挫屈束制支撐結合強脊構架耐震設計與分析
作者洪翌鈞、吳安傑、莊明介、蔡克銓
關鍵字挫屈束制支撐、強脊系統、二元系統、巨型斜撐、非線性歷時分析、易損性評估
摘要跨樓層長跨斜撐設計為近年因應高樓層建築興起之結構配置，相較於跨單層之 斜撐，此配置擁有接頭數量少、建築空間靈活度高等優點；桁架圍束式挫屈束制 支撐 (buckling-restrained brace, BRB) 具高軸力強度、低自重等優勢，正適合應用 於長跨斜撐配置。斜撐構架系統在特定不利條件下，可能有變形集中於部分樓層的 情況，搭配強脊構架 (strongback frame, SBF) 系統則能使整體結構層間側位移角 (inter-story drift ratio, IDR) 均勻分布。本研究藉由一棟24 層建築設計例，採用橫 跨四層樓的BRB與傳統斜撐分別形成長跨BRB構架與SBF之二元結構系統，基於 容量設計法及反應譜分析法提出此創新混合構架系統的設計方法與流程。建置整體 結構數值分析模型獲取自然振動週期，利用非線性歷時分析以三種不同危害度各21 組地震紀錄，探討結構動態反應與整體耐震性能；透過增量動態分析法及易損性分 析，評估在地震時達成性能點目標之機率。分析結果顯示，依本設計方法可確保此 混合構架系統在設計地震力作用下，結構IDR分布的均勻度；在不同危害度地震下， BRB可先降伏消能，相鄰結構桿件可承受BRB發展之軸力，且SBF可保持彈性反 應；結構在最大考量地震作用下達到崩塌的機率僅約為1%，符合性能設計目標。
TitleSeismic Design and Analysis of Long-Span Buckling-Restrained Braces With Strongback Frame
AuthorI-Chun Hung, An-Chien Wu, Ming-Chieh Chuang, Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsbuckling-restrained brace, strongback system, dual system, mega brace, nonlinear response history analysis, fragility analysis
AbstractLong-span braces that extend across multiple floors offer the advantages of requiring fewer brace members and connections, while also providing greater flexibility in architectural planning compared with conventional single-story bracing systems. Truss-confined buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) which have a higher axial strength and lower self-weight are thus favorable for long-span applications. Braced frames could have lateral deformations concentrated on partial stories under certain unfavorable situations. A strongback frame (SBF) configured with the braced frame can promote a uniform distribution of inter-story drift ratios (IDRs) along the building height. Based on the capacity design method and response spectrum analysis, this study proposed a seismic design method and procedure for the dual structural system which consists of the buckling-restrained braced frame and SBF, applying to a prototype 24-story building with braces across four stories. The building natural vibration frequencies and modes were discussed using a numerical structure model. Nonlinear response history analysis using 21 historical earthquake ground motions scaled to three different hazard levels was conducted to investigate the structure dynamic responses and seismic performance. Fragility curves using the incremental dynamic analysis were constructed to assess the probability of the structure reaching the expected performance points during earthquakes. Analysis results indicate that the hybrid structural system designed following the proposed method has uniformly distributed IDRs under the design base shear. During the different hazard earthquakes, BRBs yield first to dissipate energy and the adjacent structural components can sustain the BRB developed strength, while the SBF remains essentially elastic. The hybrid system has only 1% probability to collapse during the maximum considered earthquakes, meeting the performance-based seismic design objective.
標題套筒式基礎管接合熱點應力法特徵資料於 全域座標直接求取之演算法
作者曾榮川、吳淑珍、劉靖俞、黃鎮齊、廖昱霖
關鍵字離岸風力機套筒式基礎、熱點應力法、管接合、兩圓管相交線、特徵資料
摘要對於離岸風力機套筒式基礎管接合部 (tubular joints) 的疲勞設計已漸採用熱點 應力法 (hot spot stress method)，惟要依規範規定，獲得可靠的分析與檢核結果， 並使其在實務上可行且有效率，目前仍有賴一套正確可靠且容易程式編譯的演算 法，以獲取套筒式基礎管接合熱點應力法所需的特徵資料。為此，本文將藉由特意 且精巧的參數定義，使其利用基本的線性代數及微積分運算，即可推導獲得精確特 徵資料且程式編譯容易的演算法，並以實際案例予以示範與檢視。後續可結合現有 商用結構分析軟體，利用已計算得到的特徵點資料，自動建立具此等已知節點的有 限元素網格，續進行分析與擷取結果，達到分析自動化的目標。
TitleAn Algorithm for Directly Obtaining the Characteristics of the Hot Spot Stress Method in the Global Coordinate System for Tubular Joints in Jacket Foundation
AuthorDzong-Chwang Dzeng, Shu-Chen Wu, Ching-Yu Liu, Chen-Chi Huang, Yu-Lin Liao
Keywordsjacket foundation of offshore wind turbine, hot spot stress method, tubular joint, intersection line of two circular tube, characteristic data
AbstractThe hot spot stress method has been increasingly adopted for the fatigue design for tubular joints in jacket foundations of offshore wind turbines. However, in order to obtain reliable analysis and results in accordance with standards and to make the process both practical and efficient, it is necessary to develop a precise, reliable, and easily programmable algorithm to obtain the characteristic data required for applying the hot spot stress method to tubular joints. Therefore, this work presents an algorithm that, through deliberate and sophisticated parameter definitions, can derive accurate characteristic data using basic linear algebra and calculus, while ensuring ease of programming. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated and validated using practical case studies and can be further combined with existing commercial structural analysis software to automatically generate finite element meshes with known nodal points based on the computed characteristic data, thereby achieving the goal of automated analysis.
標題BWR用過核子燃料處置罐之震後承載影響分析
作者張瑞宏、陳品凱、吳昭智、徐宇儁、徐維祥
關鍵字BWR用過核子燃料、深地層處置、處置罐、圍壓、剪位移、熱載重
摘要沸水式反應爐 (boiling water reactors, BWR) 用過核子燃料處置罐之罐體組成 部件包括鑄鐵、銅殼、鋼板及其他填充物等，本研究在考量深地層圍壓負載及衰變 熱引致熱載重之情況下，以震後剪位移作為主要變因，進行罐體之結構承載數值分 析。研究中首先就現有之實體及數值模型進行檢核，依現地埋置情境之所需，以此 建構改良之有限元素「修正模型」；在模型中置入燃料棒等填充組成部件，並調整 相應之剪位移加載機制及熱載重組合效應。分析結果顯示，對鑄鐵部件而言，在圍 壓不超過70 MPa、剪位移低於1 cm之情況下，兩組熱載重引致之最大應力皆低於 瑞典Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB) 定義之最大容許應力395 MPa；而在 銅殼的部分，其應力值多數未達鑄鐵之半，可確認為保持在安全範圍內；另外，鋼 板之彈性變形施載範圍約與鑄鐵相當，惟部分非彈性案例之應力會高於395 MPa。 依據上述計算結果，可界定各組成部件的安全施載範圍，研究成果期能提供相關設 計之參考，以確保未來我國處置環境之穩定與安全。
TitlePost-Quake Loading Analysis on Disposal Canisters for BWR Spent Nuclear Fuel
AuthorJui-Hung Chang, Pin-Kai Chen, Chao-Chih Wu, Yu-Jyun Hsu, Wei-Hsiang Hsu
KeywordsBWR spent nuclear fuel, deep geologic repositories, disposal canister, confined pressure, shear displacement, thermal load
AbstractThe components of the disposal canister for boiling water reactors (BWR) spent nuclear fuel include cast iron, copper shell, steel plate, and other parts. In this study, under the action of deep geological confined pressure and thermal load caused by decay heat, the mechanical effect on the canister due to post-quake shear displacement is examined. To this end, a modified finite element model is constructed by including the fuels and other components, with the mechanism for shear displacement and thermal load being also appropriately simulated. The results show that for cast iron, when the confined pressure is under 70 MPa and the shear displacement is less than 1cm, the maximum stress caused by the two cases of thermal loads is lower than the maximum allowable stress of 395 MPa defined by Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB), Sweden. For copper shell, most of the stressed levels are less than half of that of cast iron and so its safety is confirmed. As to the steel plate, while the safe loading range for elastic response is similar to that of cast iron, the stresses in some inelastic cases exceed 395 MPa. According to the solutions, the corresponding range of safe loading is delimited. The results may be used as future references for construction of stable and safe disposal environment.

  Q&A_No158

 

  編輯委員_No158

 

第四十卷第三期(期別157)(114年)

作者:

第四十卷第三期 (期別157) (114年)

標題 基於人工智慧於橋梁結構劣化辨識與量化評估
作者嚴寬、張家銘、韓仁毓、許謹柔
關鍵字 無人機 (UAV)、電腦視覺、深度學習、超寬頻 (UWB)、三維重建
摘要 橋梁為民生交通之重要連結，需定期檢測以確保安全，然而橋梁檢測工作面臨 著多樣化和複雜的環境挑戰，特別是跨越區域的橋梁，其結構現況難以全面掌握。 本研究提出一套可在全球導航衛星系統 (global navigation satellite system, GNSS) 受限環境運作的智慧化橋梁檢測流程：以無人飛行載具 (unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV) 取得高解析影像；結合超寬頻 (ultra-wideband, UWB) 雙向測距與即時動態定 位進行混合定位，於橋下達到約0.1 m精度；透過深度學習模型 Mask R-CNN (mask region-based convolutional neural network) 自動辨識裂縫、剝落、鋼筋外露與滲水 等劣化，模型經實橋影像訓練精確率達0.74、召回率0.83。檢測結果再透過電腦視 覺量化並與橋梁檢測方法—DER&U評估連結，配合三維重建技術能將劣化構建 重建為點雲模型，以及設定判斷標準，為驗證技術的可靠性和實用性，本研究選取 兩座現役橋梁作為示範場域，結果顯示，與傳統的人工目視檢測相比，UAV檢測提 供更全面的劣化資訊和更廣泛的檢查角度（如帽梁、主梁）。同時深度學習模型檢 測到的劣化位置可以在橋梁評估中清晰記錄，提高檢測的客觀性和可追溯性。本研 究提出一套完整的智慧化橋梁檢測流程，從資料獲取、定位技術到損壞評估，均進 行深入研究，期能為橋梁檢測領域提供新的可應用方向。
Title Defect Recognition and Quantification of Bridge Structures Based on Artificial Intelligence
Author Kuan Yen, Chia-Ming Chang*, Jen-Yu Han, Chin-Rou Hsu
Keywords unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), computer vision, deep learning, ultra-wideband (UWB), 3D reconstruction
Abstract Bridges are critical transportation links requiring regular inspections to ensure safety. However, inspections face challenges in complex environments, especially for large spans where global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals are weak. With advances in intelligent technology, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) combined with deep learning are increasingly applied to bridge inspection, yet existing studies lack a complete, validated workflow for such conditions. This study proposes an integrated intelligent bridge inspection framework. UAV capture high-resolution images of key structural components, while the Mask R-CNN (region based convolutional neural networks) deep learning model automatically detects and evaluates deterioration. To address weak GNSS signals, ultra-wideband (UWB) and real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning with two-way ranging (TWR) are combined, achieving sub-0.1 m accuracy under bridges. Mask R-CNN, trained on extensive bridge deterioration datasets, reached an accuracy of 0.74 and recall of 0.83, effectively identifying cracks, spalling, exposed rebar, and seepage. Detection results are integrated with the DER&U rating method and 3D reconstruction to generate point cloud models and objective assessment criteria, reducing subjectivity. Two operational bridges were inspected as demonstration sites. Compared with manual visual inspection, the proposed approach provided more comprehensive deterioration data and wider inspection coverage (e.g., cap beams, main beams). The deep learning results improved the clarity, objectivity, and traceability of evaluations. This framework offers a practical and scalable solution for advanced bridge inspection.
標題  勞動部志清大樓耐震補強、地震監測與AI監控建置
作者  許庭偉、林宜儫、林宜靜、林南交
關鍵字  耐震補強、鋼板制震壁、地震監測、AI監控
摘要  「志清大樓」為地下3層，地上14層之鋼筋混凝土造建築物。經建物耐震能 力詳細評估需進行結構補強，於補強設計階段由大匠工程顧問有限公司執行，經設 計審查確認補強方案採用「鋼板制震壁」補強工法。補強工程施工階段，採用人工 智慧 (artificial intelligence, AI) 即時施工監控系統進行工地即時管理，建置雲端品 質管理系統，落實職安品質，使工程如質、如期竣工。補強後，為即時掌握志清大 樓受震可能之反應，結合地震智慧化監測回饋，建置地震監測系統，採主動式智慧 化地震監測裝置進行即時監測，透過結構安全監測平台傳遞震後結構反應數據，於 雲端建立地震事件報告，可有效掌握制震壁效能與損壞程度，有助日後維護管理並 確認補強成效。
Title  Seismic Reinforcement, Earthquake Monitoring and AI Monitoring Construction of Zhiqing Building of the Ministry of Labor
Author  Ting-Wei Hsu, Yi-Hao Lin, Yi-Ching Lin, Nan-Jiao Lin
Keywords  seismic reinforcement, steel damper wall (SDW), earthquake monitoring, AI monitoring
Abstract  The Zhiqing Building is 3 floors in the basement,14 floors above ground of the reinforced concrete building. The result of seismic detailed evaluation show that was not enough in the seismic resistance, and it was need to retrofit in structure. The retrofit design executed by the Top technic engineering consultant Co., Ltd. The retrofit method used the steel damper wall (SDW). In reinforcement project for this building, to use artificial intelligence (AI) monitoring system could monitor the workers and everywhere immediately on the construction sites, and ensure worker’s personal safety. Build a cloud-based quality management system. Implement occupational safety and quality to ensure that projects are completed with quality and on schedule. To understand the possible seismic response of this building after retrofit, it’s first time to use that combine the seismic reinforcement with the technology of the earthquake monitoring and AI monitoring construction in the old building retrofit. The earthquake monitoring system including the active monitoring device and monitoring platform. It could show the monitoring feedback result in the platform in immediately, and create earthquake event reports in the cloud. Earthquake monitoring and AI monitoring system can effectively control the performance and damage degree of the SDW. It’s help that maintenance and management and confirms the effectiveness of retrofit in future.
標題  金門大橋橋梁安全監測系統
作者  黃進國、蔡欣局、鐘立庭
關鍵字  頻率域分解法、等效簡支拉力梁法、雙頻法、橋梁健康監測管理平台
摘要  金門大橋位於金門縣，橋梁的兩端，東側連接金門本島，西側連接烈嶼島，全 線長度為5.4公里，橋梁段的長度為4.77公里，全橋分為主橋段、邊橋段、引橋段， 主橋段為6跨5塔脊背橋，主橋段長度為1,050公尺，兩側邊跨跨距為125公尺， 中間4跨主跨的跨距為200公尺。由於金門大橋位於嚴峻的海洋腐蝕環境，橋梁維 護管養環境條件相當嚴苛，為了確保用路人的安全及其觀光之效益，遂於橋梁施工 期間循序漸進的建置橋梁安全監測系統。金門大橋橋梁安全監測系統包含動態監測 系統、靜態監測系統、網路傳輸系統三大部分，其中動態監測系統主要針對鋼纜索 力進行監測，靜態監測系統則分成兩部分，第一部分為針對結構體行為進行監測， 包含橋體斷面應變、橋體混凝土溫度、伸縮縫位移、橋塔傾斜角度等；第二部分為 場址環境因素，包含大氣溫度、大氣濕度、風速、風向等。網路傳輸系統主要將動 態系統及靜態系統串聯起來，讓資料流可以順利傳輸、即時運算儲存，並傳送至遠 端的監控平台。文末並以常時與颱風期間監測數據進行比對分析，探討環境因素對 於鋼纜索力之影響程度。
Title  Bridge Safety Monitoring System of Kinmen Bridge
Author  Chin-Kuo Huang, Hsin-Chu Tsai, Li-Ting Chung
Keywords  frequency domain decomposition, equivalent simply supported tensioned beam method, two-frequency approach method, bridge health monitoring and management platform
Abstract  The Kinmen Bridge is located in Kinmen County, with two ends connecting Kinmen Island on the east side and Lieyu Island on the west side. The total length of the Kinmen bridge is 5.4 kilometers, and the length of the bridge section is 4.77 kilometers. The bridge is divided into a main bridge section, a side bridge section, and an approach bridge section. The main bridge section is a 6-span 5-tower cable stayed bridge with a length of 1,050 meters. The side spans on both end is 125 meters, and the span of the middle 4 main span is 200 meters. Due to its location in a severe marine corrosion environment, the maintenance and upkeep conditions of the Kinmen Bridge are quite strict. To enhance pedestrian safety and maximize sightseeing benefits, a bridge safety monitoring system is gradually established during the bridge construction period. The safety monitoring system of Kinmen Bridge includes three parts: dynamic monitoring system, static monitoring system, and network transmission system. The dynamic monitoring system is primarily used for monitoring cable tension, while the static monitoring system is divided into two parts. The first part monitors the behavior of the structural, including the strain of the cross section, the temperature of the concrete, the displacement of expansion joints, the inclination angle of the bridge tower, etc; The second part is about the environmental factors of the site, including atmospheric temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and so on. The network transmission system mainly connects dynamic and static systems, allowing data streams to be transmitted smoothly, stored in real-time, and transmitted to remote monitoring platforms. At the end of the article, a comparative analysis was conducted between monitoring data during regular and typhoon to explore the influence of environmental factors on the tension of cables.
標題 0121 嘉義地震楠西國中校舍震損勘察與分析
作者 林瑞良、馬忠駿、黃雋彥、莊明介
關鍵字 0121嘉義地震、震損勘察、楠西國中、耐震評估與補強、近斷層脈衝型地 震、功率需求
摘要 2025 年 01月 21日凌晨0時17分27秒 (UTC + 8) 於鄰近嘉義縣大埔鄉的區 域（台南市楠西區）發生芮氏規模ML 6.4的地震，震央位於北緯23.22度、東經 120.55 度，震源深度為15.8公里，最大震度6弱發生在嘉義縣大埔鄉。國家地震 工程研究中心於2月7日、8日與10日分別在台南市楠西區、台南市玉井區與嘉義 縣大埔鄉進行建物震損勘察。在勘察的受損建物中，楠西國中前棟校舍屋齡逾50 年，並且於2010年完成耐震補強，所採用的補強工法包括於走廊外側增建剪力牆。 本研究針對該棟校舍做進一步的結構受震反應分析，探討走廊外側增建剪力牆與既 有構架間的傳力機制，是否仍然適用剛性樓板的假設。希望能夠藉此說明勘察中所 發現的該棟校舍震損情形，並且瞭解該棟校舍在此次地震事件中的性能表現。分析 結果顯示剛性樓板的假設不適用於本棟在懸臂走廊外側增設剪力牆補強後的校舍。 並且，建議當典型中小學校舍採用於懸臂走廊外側增設剪力牆的補強工法時，一座 剪力牆與下一座剪力牆間的最大距離最好以不超過30公尺為原則，若是只增設單 座剪力牆，則其位置最好位於走廊中段。最後，透過檢視該棟補強後校舍的功率需 求，說明脈衝型地震CHY062與非脈衝型地震CHY079造成該棟補強後校舍之受震 反應需求有明顯差異的原因。
Title Field Inspection and Seismic Analysis of Nansi Junior High School Building After the Chiayi Earthquake of 21 January 2025
Author Jui-Liang Lin, Chung-Chun Ma, Jyun-Yan Huang, Ming-Chieh Chuang
Keywords 0121 Chiayi earthquake, earthquake damage inspection, Nansi Junior High School, seismic assessment and retrofit, near-fault pulse-like ground motions, power demand
Abstract At 0:17:27 AM on January 21, 2025 (UTC+8), an earthquake with a magnitude of ML 6.4 occurred in Dapu Township, Chiayi County. The epicenter was located at 23.22 degrees north latitude and 120.55 degrees east longitude. The focal depth was 15.8 kilometers. The maximum intensity of 6- occurred in Dapu, Chiayi County. The National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering conducted earthquake damage surveys on buildings in Nansi District, Tainan City, Yujing District, Tainan City, and Dapu Township, Chiayi County on February 7, 8, and 10, respectively. Among the damaged buildings inspected, the front building of Nanxi Junior High School is more than 50 years old and was seismically retrofitted in 2010. The retrofit method used included adding shear walls on the outside of the corridor. This study conducted further seismic response analyses of the school building. The study aimed at exploring the force transmission mechanism between the added shear wall on the outside of corridor and the existing frame. It is hoped that this study will illustrate the damage to the school building discovered during the field inspection and provide an understanding of the school building’s performance during this earthquake event. This study recommended that when typical primary and secondary school buildings adopt the retrofitting method of adding shear walls on the outside of corridors, the maximum distance between one shear wall and the next should not exceed 30 meters. If only a single shear wall is added, its location should preferably be in the middle of the corridor. Finally, by examining the power demand of the retrofitted school building, the reasons why the pulse-like ground motion CHY062 and the non pulse-like ground motion CHY079 caused significantly different seismic demands of the retrofitted school building are explained.
標題 以簡支梁模擬二維矩形土體傳遞邊界之技術開發
作者 郭振祥、楊文嘉
關鍵字 非線性土壤結構互制、半無限域、地震波傳播、邊界梁元素、有限元素法
摘要 以有限元素模擬二維土壤結構互制問題時，土體的傳遞邊界為一項重大挑戰。本研究 針對此挑戰，提出以簡支梁模擬傳遞邊界的技術，以有效輸入與傳遞地震波，並搭配經典 黏性阻尼器吸收二維反彈波。本文將介紹此新方法之數學理論背景，並使用OpenSees進 行數值驗證，驗證結果將與工程上常見的傳統邊界設定：束制邊界 (tie boundary) 及經典 黏性阻尼進行比較。結果顯示，新提出之簡支梁模擬技巧能兼具兩種傳統工程邊界設定方 法的優勢，達到地震波的輸入、傳遞與吸收。
Title Novel Technique for Modeling the Transmitting Boundary of Two-Dimensional Rectangular Soil Using Simply Supported Beams
Author Chen-Hsiang Kuo, Wen-Chia Yang
Keywords nonlinear soil-structure interaction, semi-infinite domain, seismic wave propagation, boundary beam boundary, finite-element method
Abstract In finite element simulations of two-dimensional soil-structure interaction problems, accurately modeling the transmitting boundary of the soil remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel technique that simulates the transmitting boundary using a simply supported beam model. This approach enables efficient input and transmission of seismic waves and incorporates classical viscous dampers to absorb reflected waves in two dimensions. The paper presents the mathematical foundation of the proposed method and validates its performance through numerical simulations using OpenSees. The results are compared with commonly used engineering boundary conditions, including the tie boundary and classical viscous damping. The findings demonstrate that the proposed simply supported beam approach combines the advantages of both traditional methods, achieving effective seismic wave input, transmission, and absorption.

No.157 Q&A

No.157 編輯委員

第四十卷第二期 (期別156) (114年)

作者:

第四十卷第二期 (期別156) (114年)

標題  建築混凝土中性化深度與齡期關係之統計研究
作者  許嘉芩、廖文義、蕭輔沛
關鍵字  混凝土、中性化、齡期、抗壓強度、耐久性
摘要  混凝土中性化為造成鋼筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete, RC) 結構物老劣化及縮短其使用年限的主因之一，混凝土中性化將導致鋼筋保護膜失去功能，進而造成鋼筋腐蝕、結構承載力降低等問題。因此，預估混凝土中性化深度是評估RC結構物耐久性的重要研究課題。本研究共收集了國內北、中、南、東四區454間學校，1,055棟RC校舍結構物的12,527筆鑽心試體檢測資料，利用相關的中性化深度預估公式，本研究將結構物材料試驗資料進行迴歸分析，以混凝土中性化深度、地域、混凝土齡期與混凝土抗壓強度為參數，進行迴歸分析，找出適用於台灣本土環境和混凝土材料的耐久性評估模式，得到對應之中性化深度與混凝土齡期等時變特性公式。本研究所推估混凝土中性化深度曲線，可以用來評估既有RC房屋結構之中性化深度，進而得知中性化深度是否影響結構物耐久性，並實施適當的維護管理或修復補強措施。
Title  Statistical Study on the Relationship Between the Depth of Neutralization and the Age of Concrete in RC Buildings
Author  Chia-Chin Hsu, Wen-I Liao, Fu-Pei Hsiao
Keywords  concrete, neutralization depth, age, compressive strength, durability
Abstract  Neutralization of concrete is one of the main factors causing the aging of reinforced concrete (RC) structures and shortening their service life. Neutralization of concrete leads to the loss of functionality of the protective film on the reinforcement, which in turn causes corrosion of the reinforcement and a decrease in structural bearing capacity. Therefore, estimating the depth of concrete neutralization is an important research topic for the durability assessment of reinforced concrete structures. In this study, the material testing data by core sampling from 454 Taiwan RC school buildings were collected. By using relevant formulas used in Japan and Taiwan for predicting neutralization depth, regression analysis was carried out on the material test data base on those formula. Parameters such as concrete neutralization depth, region, concrete age, and concrete compressive strength were used to regressively analyze and derive a durability assessment model suitable for Taiwan’s environment and characteristics of concrete material. Corresponding formulas for neutralization depth and time-variable properties such as building age were obtained. The estimated concrete neutralization depth curve from this study can be used to evaluate the neutralization depth of RC structures during their service life, thereby determining whether neutralization depth affects the durability of the structures, and executing appropriate maintenance or repair and retrofit measure.
標題  基於牽引力的深度能量法 (tDEM) 求解彈性體問題初探
作者  林冠中、王泓量、王國洲
關鍵字  深度學習、PINNs、DEM、tDEM、工程運用、精確性
摘要  隨著深度學習技術在解決複雜物理問題及工程應用領域的飛速進展，物理資訊神經網絡 (physics-informed neural networks, PINNs) 與深度能量法 (deep energy methods, DEM) 這兩種融合物理知識的深度學習策略，已成為科學計算與工程學科研究的新熱點。PINNs透過將物理定律整合至神經網絡訓練過程中，賦予模型在數據稀缺的條件下仍能進行高效且精確的預測能力。而DEM則採用深度學習框架來構築系統能量模型，有效模擬材料變形、破裂等複雜物理過程。儘管PINNs和DEM在模擬複雜物理系統上取得顯著成就，但在模型訓練的計算成本、泛化能力提升等方面仍面臨挑戰。本研究引入了一種新的基於牽引力的深度能量法 (tractionbased deep energy method, tDEM)，該方法考慮到牽引力的邊界效應，是從混合深度能量法 (mixed deep energy method, mDEM) 演化而來，並融合了PINNs與 DEM的優點。相較於mDEM，在訓練過程中引入了本構行為，造成較高的計算成本，tDEM專注於牽引力邊界條件，以期降低計算負擔。未來研究將深入探討這些問題，以提升模型精度與應用廣度。本文不僅回顧了PINNs與DEM的最新進展與工程應用實例，同時提出改進方案，討論了面臨的主要挑戰與未來發展趨勢，目的在於為相關領域研究人員提供有價值的參考，並推動深度學習於物理問題解決方案中的創新應用。
Title  A Preliminary Exploration of the Traction-Based Deep Energy Method (tDEM) for Solving Elastic Body Problems
Author  Kuan-Chung Lin, Hung-Liang Wang, Kuo-Chou Wang
Keywords  deep learning, PINNs, DEM, tDEM, engineering applications, accuracy
Abstract  With the rapid advancement of deep learning technologies in addressing complex physical problems and engineering applications, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) and deep energy method (DEM), as two primary deep learning approaches integrating physical knowledge, have emerged as hot topics in computational science and engineering research. PINNs enable efficient and accurate predictions under data-scarce conditions by embedding physical laws into the neural network training regimen. In contrast, DEM utilize deep learning frameworks to establish energy models of systems, adept at simulating complex physical processes such as material deformation and fracture. Despite the significant strides made by PINNs and DEM in simulating complex physical systems, challenges remain in the computational costs of model training and enhancing model generalizability. This study introduces a novel traction-based deep energy method (tDEM), considering the boundary effects of tractions, evolved from the mixed DEM (mDEM) and amalgamating the strengths of both PINNs and DEM. Whereas mDEM introduced constitutive behavior during training, incurring higher computational expenses, tDEM concentrates on traction boundary conditions, aiming to reduce computational overhead. Future research will delve into these issues to further augment model precision and application scope. This paper not only reviews the latest advancements and engineering applications of PINNs and DEM but also proposes improvements, discusses the main challenges faced, and envisages future directions. It aims to provide valuable insights for researchers in the field and to propel the innovative application of deep learning in solving physical problems.
標題  蓋板加勁剪力降伏型耐震間柱耐震試驗與設計研究
作者  許舜惟、蔡克銓、吳安傑
關鍵字  剪力降伏型耐震間柱（鋼板阻尼器）、容量設計、加勁板、蓋板、有限元素模型分析
摘要  三段式剪力降伏型耐震間柱 (steel panel damper, SPD) 又稱三段式鋼板阻尼器，為降低製造成本，本研究不採焊接組合斷面來製作SPD，而是使用熱軋型鋼製造並考慮容量設計法研發蓋板加勁剪力降伏型耐震間柱 (cover-plate stiffened steel panel damper, CSPD)，將特定熱軋型鋼經裁切取得適當尺寸的腹板疊合板及翼板蓋板，將其分別焊接在熱軋型鋼腹板及其翼板外側上下兩端，可提升彈性連接段的勁度及剪力容量，也避免CSPD上下端產生彎矩降伏。以斷面深度為800 mm、高為2,600 mm、相同設計剪力及相似側向勁度（相差3%）的情況下，CSPD僅需SPD的87%用鋼量。為驗證核心段加勁板設計方法是否能有效應用於SN490B，本研究特別採SN490B熱軋型鋼RH800 × 300 × 14 × 26製造兩座2.60 m高試體。實驗結果證實，彈性連接段翼板蓋板能有效避免CSPD端部產生彎矩降伏；彈性連接段腹部疊合板能避免彈性連接段產生剪力降伏。本研究證實所提設計方法能有效預估核心段及整體CSPD變形能力、側向勁度與極限強度。有限元素模型能準確模擬CSPD的強度、勁度及遲滯行為。本研究列出在常見的CSPD高度及層間位移需求下之CSPD完整設計結果，工程師能透過查表得到CSPD所有設計細節。
Title  Seismic Design, Testing and Analysis of CoverPlate Stiffened Steel Panel Damper
Author  Shun-Wei Hsu, Keh-Chyuan Tsai, An-Chien Wu
Keywords  steel panel damper, capacity design, stiffener, cover plate, finite element model analysis
Abstract  The three-segment steel shear panel damper (SPD) consists of an inelastic core (IC) that controls overall strength and could dissipate energy through large inelastic shear deformation. The two elastic joints (EJs) at the both ends of the SPD that remain elastic and provide lateral stiffness. Stiffeners are welded to the IC web to delay the shear buckling. This study employs hot-rolled, as opposed to built-up, sections to fabricate the SPD. This study proposes a cover-plate stiffened steel panel damper (CSPD). It involves cutting specific hot-rolled steel beam to obtain the doubler plates and cover plates, which are welded respectively to the web and the outer surfaces of the f lange at the both ends of the same hot-rolled steel beam. For example, with a section depth of 800mm, height of 2600mm, the same design shear force, and similar lateral stiffness, the proposed CSPD weighs only 87% of the conventional 3-segment SPD. This study intentionally uses SN490B steel for specimens to validate the design procedures for stiffeners in the IC. Test results, of two 2.60 m tall full-scale CSPD specimens using RH800 × 300 × 14 × 26 section with different IC height and stiffeners, confirm that the cover plates and doubler plates work as expected. This study confirms that the proposed CSPD design procedures can effectively estimate the IC shear deformational capacity, lateral stiffness and maximum shear strength of the CSPD. The proposed finite element model can accurately simulate the strength, stiffness, and hysteretic behavior of the CSPDs. This study tabulates the complete design results for CSPDs using American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) sections with typical heights and inter-story drift demands. Results of additional finite element model parametric studies confirm that different IC stiffener arrangements can achieve the targeted shear deformational capacities as predicted using the proposed design procedure.
標題  圓形鋼管橋墩之耐震徑厚比與破壞風險分析
作者  蕭玟鈺、吳東諭、江奇融、歐昱辰
關鍵字  單柱式鋼橋墩、徑厚比限制、有限元素分析、韌性容量、破壞風險分析、近斷層地震
摘要  橋墩為橋梁之韌性構件，當橋梁遭逢極端地震時，可藉塑鉸消能降低橋梁整體結構之損壞。因此，使其展現足夠強度對於橋梁之耐震設計極為重要。我國相關耐震規範中對鋼橋墩設計著墨甚少，使實務設計上無明確可遵循之依據，僅能參考他國耐震設計流程進行設計，惟各國耐震設計規範之精神及性能要求不盡相同，應進一步檢討後方可採用。此外，過往鋼橋墩之相關研究多以斷面性質、加載方式等因素探討其非線性行為，然對於真實地震下之鋼橋墩，地震強度與其引致之結構反應均具不確定性，需利用機率式分析，完整評估鋼橋墩之震災風險及耐震能力。有鑑於此，本研究以圓形空心斷面單柱式鋼橋墩為研究對象，探討不同徑厚比、長細比、軸壓比等關鍵參數對韌性容量及破壞風險之影響。首先以擬靜態分析求取鋼橋墩之韌性容量，以此定義後續非線性歷時分析之破壞基準，並提出斷面性質之建議公式。而鋼橋墩之破壞行為分兩部分進行討論，其一，假設鋼橋墩工址位於台北二區，分析圓形單柱式鋼橋墩之50年破壞風險；其二，假設台北山腳斷層之地震情境，計算符合該情境之近斷層地震歷時下破壞機率。最後，依據破壞行為分析之結果，檢視建議公式之適宜性，對圓形斷面單柱式鋼橋墩之斷面性質提出耐震設計建議。
Title  Seismic Compactness and Risk Assessments of Circular Steel Bridge Piers
Author  Wen-Yu Xiao, Tung-Yu Wu, Chi-Rung Jiang, Yu-Chen Ou
Keywords  single-column steel bridge piers, compactness requirements, finite element analysis, ductility capacity, risk analysis, near-fault ground motions
Abstract  Bridge piers, which are ductile components of bridges, need to exhibit sufficient energy dissipation under earthquakes. However, there is little emphasis on the compactness requirements for steel bridge piers in Taiwan seismic design codes. Structural engineers can only refer to seismic design guidelines from other countries, but the difference in the seismic design concept makes them potentially inappropriate for Taiwan. To address this shortcoming, this study investigates single-column steel bridge piers with varied compactness and axial load levels. The ductility capacity of each pier is determined by quasi-static analysis and considered as the failure criteria in the subsequent risk assessment. Assuming located in the Taipei basin zone II, the seismic risk of steel bridge piers is evaluated using the failure probability during the 50-year lifespan and under the seismic scenario of the Shanchiao fault. Based on the results of ductility capacity and risk assessment, the seismic compactness requirements are proposed for single-column steel bridge piers.
標題  挫屈束制斜撐平板狀核心鋼板高模態外推力之評估與試驗驗證
作者  張致唯、林保均、巫秉澄
關鍵字  挫屈束制斜撐、局部膨脹破壞、高模態挫屈、反覆載重試驗、全鋼圍束單元
摘要  採用平板狀鋼核心挫屈束制斜撐 (buckling-restrained brace, BRB) 受壓時，核心鋼板在脫層間隙空間內產生高模態挫屈波，若圍束單元未提供足夠的束制強度與勁度，高模態挫屈波峰產生的外推力可能造成局部膨脹破壞。過去對於高模態挫屈波長以及外推力的評估研究較少，且無實驗驗證結果，因此本研究透過5組採用全鋼圍束單元之BRB試體，進行反覆載重試驗，並透過試驗觀測高模態挫屈波長並直接量測其所引致之外推力。本研究包含3組短試體與2組長試體，短試體核心長度為300 mm並分別調整核心與圍束單元間隙至0.6 mm、2 mm以及4 mm；長試體核心長度為900 mm，核心與圍束單元間隙為2 mm。試驗結果顯示，5組試體皆發展穩定之遲滯行為至核心拉斷裂。高模態挫屈外推力由荷重計直接量測，同時在核心板厚度方向部設應變計以量測應變與波型的關係。試驗結果顯示，使用切線模數理論可以較為準確計算高模態挫屈波長。此外，外推力以及核心與圍束單元間隙的正相關連也透過實驗驗證。透過試驗結果，本研究所提出之外推力評估方法，同時考量核心高模態挫屈波峰彎矩以及圍束單元勁度，此評估方法可作為檢核BRB發生局部膨脹破壞風險之用。
Title  Experimental Study of High-Mode Buckling Behavior of Flat Steel Core in a Buckling-Restrained Brace
Author  Chih-Wei Chang, Pao-Chun Lin, Bing-Cheng Wu
Keywords  buckling-restrained brace, local bulging failure, high-mode buckling, cyclic loading test, all-steel restrainer
Abstract  Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) featuring flat steel core plates can be susceptible to local bulging failures when the restrainer lacks the necessary stiffness and strength. These failures arise from outward forces generated by high-mode buckling waves within the steel core. However, the methods for evaluating these high-mode buckling waves and the associated outward forces have remained elusive. This study addresses this gap by conducting cyclic loading tests on five BRB specimens with all-steel restrainers. These tests allow for direct observation of high-mode buckling waves during loading. Among the specimens, three have core segment lengths of 300 mm, each with varying debonding layer thicknesses (0.6 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm). The remaining two specimens have approximately 900 mm core segments with a 2 mm thick debonding layer. All f ive specimens displayed stable hysteretic responses until the steel core fractured. Load cells were used to directly measure the outward forces induced by the steel core plate during testing. Strain gauges attached to the steel core surface provided insights into the distribution of strain variations at the high-mode buckling waves. The results indicate that adopting the tangent modulus theorem is a suitable method for estimating high-mode buckling wavelengths. Furthermore, this study establishes relationships between the outward forces and gap dimensions, including their growth over time. This research proposes a method to estimate outward forces, accounting for bending moments developed at the crests of high-mode buckling waves and considering restrainer stiffness. This method can serve as a valuable tool for assessing the risk of local bulging failure in BRBs.

第四十卷第一期 (期別155) (114年)

作者:

第四十卷第一期 (期別155) (114年)

「第十七屆結構工程暨第七屆地震工程研討會特刊」引言

客座主編 : 楊文嘉教授、黃謝恭教授

標題 「第十七屆結構工程暨第七屆地震工程研討會特刊」引言
作者 楊文嘉、黃謝恭
     本期《結構工程》是第四十卷的第一期，標誌著期刊創刊四十周年的重要里程碑。在這 四十年的發展歷程中，期刊始終致力於連結學術研究與工程實務，推動結構工程技術的不斷進 步，並為建築結構與基礎設施的安全與耐久性提供穩固的支持。

    本期特刊以第十七屆結構工程研討會的學術成果為基礎，聚焦於「災害下的韌性與反應」。 這一主題深入探討了結構工程在應對極端自然災害時所面臨的多重挑戰與應對策略，內容涵蓋 建築結構的健康監測、災害中的即時反應以及後續修復，充分展現結構工程技術在提升建物生 命全週期安全保障中的核心作用。本期文章既提供了長期監測的實務案例，也深入探討了災損 檢控的實用方案，對學術界與工程界具有重要參考價值。

    最後，我們謹代表編輯團隊，向所有參與第十七屆結構工程研討會並投稿至本期特刊的 作者表達由衷的感謝。正是您們的貢獻，使本期特刊得以呈現兼具學術深度與實務價值的內 容。我們也感謝各位讀者的長期支持，期望本期特刊能為您帶來新的啟發，並進一步促進結構 工程在應對極端災害中的技術進步與實務應用。 


                                                         國立中興大學土木工程學系　楊文嘉　助理教授　　　                                                         國立中興大學土木工程學系　黃謝恭　副教授　　謹誌

                                                                                            結構工程期刊　特刊客座主編                                                                                                                      2025 年 3月
標題 鋼拱吊索橋之長期健康監測 —以國道2號大園鋼拱橋為例
作者 李柏辛、宋裕祺、莊均緯、蘇進國、賴明俊、趙國宏、王茲為、羅財怡
關鍵字 橋梁監測、吊索索力評估、強迫振動分析、監測管理值 
摘要在吊索支撐型特殊橋梁中（如吊橋、斜張橋、鋼拱橋和脊背橋等），主要依靠吊索作為力量傳遞的主要構件，其穩定性將直接影響整體橋梁的力學系統，因此，索力的長期監測顯得尤為重要。根據國內外常見的索力評估公式，包含弦理論、梁─柱理論與Zui理論等，評估之索力會受到橋梁結構系統和吊索兩端邊界條件的影響而有所不同，為了有效考量吊索的真實邊界條件，本研究採用強迫振動分析法，以國道2號大園鋼拱橋為案例，建立符合吊索實際情況的索力與頻率關係曲線，並依據驗證後的數值分析模型和為期一年的現場監測數據，針對橋面沉陷、吊索索力、環境溫度等方向進行長期監測與結構分析，檢討所訂定之警戒與行動值，並應用於後續的橋梁行為預測，為橋梁管養單位提供管理和採取行動的依據。
TitleLong-Term Health Monitoring of Steel Arch Bridges—A Case Study of the Dayuan Bridge on National Highway No. 2
Author Po-Hsin Lee, Yu-Chi Sung, Chun-Wei Chuang, Chin-Kuo Su, Min-Chun Lai, Kuo-Hung Chao, Tz-Wei Wang, Tsair-Yi Luo
Keywords bridge monitoring, cable force assessment, forced vibration analysis, monitoring threshold 
AbstractIn cable-supported bridge types (such as suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, steel arch bridges, and extra-dosed bridges), the primary load-bearing components are cables, and their stability directly impacts the bridge’s overall structural integrity. Therefore, long-term monitoring of cable forces is particularly crucial. Common cable force evaluation formulas used internationally, including string theory, beam column theory, and Zui theory, produce varying results depending on the bridge’s structural system and the boundary conditions at the ends of the cables. To accurately account for the boundary conditions of the cables, this study adopts a forced vibration analysis approach, using the National Highway No. 2 Dayuan Steel Arch Bridge as a case study. The study establishes a cable force-frequency relationship curve that aligns with the actual conditions of the cables. Based on the validated numerical model and one year of on site monitoring data, it performs long-term monitoring and structural analysis in terms of deck subsidence, cable force, and environmental temperature. This includes reviewing the established alert and action thresholds, applying these findings to predict future bridge behavior, and providing bridge management authorities with data for decision-making and timely interventions.
標題國道3號烏溪1號橋預力箱型梁長期檢監測系統建置與初步成果
作者鍾孟剛、吳明興、陳建宏、彭康瑜
關鍵字橋梁沉陷、橋梁監測、自動化監測、即時監測、鋼腱檢測
摘要隨著預力橋梁數量成長，以及已通車使用時間增長，預力箱型梁之維護補強需求亦漸增，而長期檢監測系統在驗證維護補強成效及橋梁全生命週期管理等面向扮演重要角色。本文以國道3號烏溪1號河川橋為案例，介紹該橋於國道後續路段橋梁耐震補強工程（區段2-1）中進行上部結構承載能力補強後，橋梁長期檢監測系統之建置規劃、配置及完工後至目前之檢監測成果，以驗證本工程補強成效，並提供後續橋梁管理及養護參考依據。針對橋梁橋面線型變化，以連通管沉陷計及位移計進行監測，並配置溫度計以納入溫度效應補償；針對外置預力鋼腱索力，規劃採磁通量感測器 (elasto-magnetic sensor, EMS) 進行量測，並預留量測導線以非破壞性方式檢測鋼腱之腐蝕程度。依完工後檢、監測成果，本補強工程已成功抑制橋梁過往持續性之變形下垂，預力鋼腱亦無產生腐蝕或過量索力損失等情形。
TitleEstablishment and Preliminary Result of Long Term Inspection and Monitoring System in Wuxi No. 1 Bridge on National Highway 3
AuthorMeng-Kang Chung, Ming-Xing Wu, Chien-Hung Chen, Kang-Yu Peng
Keywordsbridge deflection, bridge monitoring, automated monitoring, instant monitoring, prestressed tendon inspection
AbstractWith the proliferation of prestressed concrete bridges and the aging of existing structures, the demand for maintenance and retrofitting has surged. The inspection and monitoring system play a crucial role in verifying the effectiveness of maintenance and strengthening efforts, as well as bridge management during service life. This article presents a comprehensive case study based on the retrofitting project of Wuxi No. 1 Bridge on National Highway 3, detailing the installation, configuration, and outcomes of the long-term inspection and monitoring system implemented following the strengthening of the bridge’s superstructure. The aim is to validate the effectiveness of the strengthening work and provide a reference for other bridge management and maintenance cases in the future. For monitoring the bridge’s deck profile changes, settlement gauges and displacement meters were employed, with thermometers installed to account for temperature effects. To measure the forces in the external prestressed tendons, an elasto-magnetic sensor (EMS) was used, and additional measurement wires were installed to facilitate non-destructive testing of tendon corrosion. According to the inspection and monitoring results following the retrofitting, the strengthening project has successfully mitigated the previous continuous downward deformation of the bridge, and no corrosion or significant loss of tension in the prestressed tendons has been observed.
標題以敲擊反應方式評估植筋埋入品質之檢測技術
作者吳姵玟、賴建宏、余志鵬 
關鍵字植筋品質、非破壞檢測、應力波動、敲擊反應 
摘要本研究以敲擊反應方式評估植筋握裹狀態，針對目前土木工程植筋工法，提供一個具可行性的檢測方法，其主要理論憑藉在鋼筋中傳播的應力波，透過數值模擬分析發展出檢測植筋有效長度之方法論。本方法可由時頻圖中的高頻段尖峰頻率差可得植筋總長度，將其扣除外露長度得以二次確認已埋入鋼筋總長度；並由觀察頻率尖峰趨勢判斷鋼筋是否達臨界握裹長度。對於未達臨界值的情形，則透過所建議的評估公式，預估植筋握裹的等效比例。初步研究成果顯示，利用敲擊振動反應來評估植筋之握裹錨固品質時，可同時掌握外露鋼筋長度、埋入深度與Epoxy握裹長度間之關係，供做量化評估之用。因此，運用此技術可快速操作及方便分析的特點，可有效瞭解現場植筋埋入狀況之大致狀況。
TitleImpulse Response Technique for Assessing the Quality of Post-Installed Rebar
AuthorPei-Wun Wu, Jian-Hong Lai, Chih-Peng Yu
Keywordsquality assessment of planting bars, nondestructive evaluation, stress waves, impact responses
AbstractThis study evaluates the bond condition of post-installed rebars using an impact response method, providing a feasible detection technique for current post-installed rebar construction in civil engineering. The primary theory relies on the stress waves propagating through the rebar, and a methodology for detecting the effective embedded length of the rebar is developed through numerical simulation analysis. From the high-frequency peak differences in the time-frequency spectrum, the total length of the rebar can be obtained, and by subtracting the exposed length, the total embedded length can be confirmed. Additionally, by observing the trend of peak frequencies, one can determine whether the rebar has reached the critical bond length. For cases where the relative stiffness is not high, the proposed evaluation formula estimates the equivalent ratio of rebar bond length. Preliminary research results indicate that using impact vibration response to assess the bond quality of post-installed rebars allows simultaneous identification of the relationship between the exposed rebar length, embedded depth, and the epoxy bond length for quantitative evaluation. Therefore, this technique, with its quick operation and accessible analysis, can effectively provide a general understanding of the embedded condition of the rebar on-site.
標題震損低矮鋼筋混凝土牆之殘餘耐震性能試驗與模擬
作者廖文義、林芳妃、陳宣臻、陳郁澤
關鍵字鋼筋混凝土牆、震損、殘餘勁度、殘餘強度、耐震性能
摘要受震損之鋼筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete, RC) 牆的殘餘強度、剛度和能量耗散能力的研究至今仍相對有限，這會使得在評估損傷結構的耐震能力時缺乏模擬依據，也使得對震損建築結構之震後安全評估的準確性存有疑慮。因此，本研究針對震損之剪力破壞控制的低矮RC牆，進行其震損後耐震能力試驗、數值模擬和簡化容量曲線之參數分析探討。首先，對三座具有不同預震損程度的RC牆進行循環加載試驗，探討其勁度、強度與消能能力受震損程度的影響。此外，本研究提出了一個簡化容量曲線模型，用於描述不同損傷程度下RC牆的殘餘側向容量，以利非線性側推分析之執行，使工程師可以輕易地將未受損牆體的容量曲線直接轉換為受震損牆體之容量曲線。最後，將試驗結果與使用有限元分析軟體工程模擬開放系統 (open system for earthquake engineering simulation, OpenSees) 中循環軟化薄膜模型所得數值模擬結果進行比較，以驗證數值模擬的準確性並確認適當的模型參數設置，使能進行後續之大量參數研究以減少大型試驗之經費。綜合所有研究結果，本研究詳細探討受震損RC牆的殘餘抗震性能及提供準確可靠之模擬建議，可為實務工程中評估震損RC結構殘餘性能之重要參考。
TitleExperimental and Simulation Study on the Residual Seismic Performance of Low-Rise Earthquake-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Walls
AuthorWen-I Liao, Fang-Fei Lin, Syuan-Jhen Chen, Yu-Ze Chen
KeywordsRC wall, damage, residual stiffness, residual strength, seismic performance
AbstractResearch on the residual strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity of earthquakedamaged reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls remains relatively limited. This lack of studies leads to the difficulty in simulating and evaluating the seismic capacity of damaged RC structures, making the accuracy of safety assessments for earthquake-damaged structures challenging. Therefore, this study focuses on shear-controlled low-rise RC shear walls damaged by earthquakes, conducting tests on their post-earthquake seismic capacity, numerical simulations, and presentation of simplified capacity curves for damaged walls. First, cyclic loading tests were conducted on three low-rise RC shear walls with different pre-damage levels to investigate the impact of damage severity on stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation capacity. In addition, a simplified capacity curve model was proposed to describe the residual lateral capacity of RC walls at different damage levels, facilitating the execution of nonlinear pushover analyses. This model enables engineers to easily convert the capacity of undamaged walls to that of earthquakedamaged walls. Lastly, the test results were compared with numerical simulations using the cyclic softening membrane model in open system for earthquake engineering simulation (OpenSees) to validate the accuracy of the simulations and confirm appropriate model parameter settings, allowing for subsequent extensive parameter studies to reduce the costs of large-scale experiments. By integrating all research findings, this study thoroughly explores the residual seismic performance of earthquake-damaged RC shear walls and provides reliable simulation recommendations, offering valuable reference for evaluating the residual seismic performance of damaged RC structures in practical engineering applications.
標題公用天然氣管線地震災損推估模式之研擬與應用
作者劉季宇、周寶卿、洪祥瑗
關鍵字天然氣系統、天然氣管線、想定地震、災損評估、災損率
摘要公用天然氣（瓦斯）屬維生線系統重要一環，呈廣域綿密分布，所受地震災害威脅不容小覷，須做好防災整備以防範於未然。公用天然氣管線量體過於龐大，進行震損評估時，逐段進行詳細分析並不可行。本研究綜合國內外相關研究，進行比較，研擬適用於我國的天然氣管線地震災損評估模式，包含管線災損率的推估式、考慮土壤液化災害的修正係數，以及不同壓力別與管種別管線的修正係數。由於我國公用天然氣管線使用情況與日本相近，日本則幅員大且發展早，震害相關資料與研究較為豐富，因此本研究以日本模式為主要借鏡，研究中發現地震動強度參數採最大地表速度 (peak ground velocity, PGV) 時，日本的標準災損率模式與國內震害資料及國內學者的迴歸分析經驗式相互吻合。本研究以台南市為例，進行公用天然氣管線的震害情境模擬，管線資料取自政府資料開放平台，並假設後甲里斷層規模6.6想定地震，運用國家地震工程研究中心之台灣地震損失評估系統 (Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System, TELES) 進行地震災害潛勢分析。推估結果總災損數為141.8個（期望值），以東區最多，其餘依次為中西區、北區、安南區、南區等區，此一結果與管線分布及災害潛勢高低的趨勢相符。
TitleEarthquake Damage Assessment Model for Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines
AuthorGee-Yu Liu, Pao-Ching Chou, Hsiang-Yuan Hung
Keywordsnatural gas systems, gas distribution pipelines, scenario earthquake, damage assessment, repair rate
AbstractNatural gas plays a vital role in daily life, serving as one of the primary lifelines. The distribution of natural gas to customers occurs through extensive pipeline systems that span a wide area, facing high seismic risk due to Taiwan’s location in one of the world’s most earthquakeprone areas. A literature review of methodologies of damage prediction models of gas pipes has been conducted. As the development and practice of natural gas distribution systems in Taiwan are very similar to those in Japan, the review was more focused on the models that have been implemented in Japan. In this study, a model for assessing the damage of natural gas distribution pipelines resulting from earthquakes has been proposed. It comprises a repair rate formula for ground shaking hazard, a correction model to account for the likeliness of soil liquefaction hazard, and a set of correction factors specifying the relative fragility of different gas pipes. The proposed repair rate formula is a derivation from a Japanese formula, which employs the peak ground velocity (PGV) as seismic intensity factor. It has been proven feasible in Taiwan, too, as it agrees well with a previous study based on the damage data of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. Finally, an earthquake scenario simulation of the two natural gas utilities in Tainan has been demonstrated.

第三十九卷第四期 (期別154) (113年)

作者:

第三十九卷第四期 (期別154) (113年)

標題國道3號烏溪1號橋現況調查、補強設計和施工及長期監測
作者鍾孟剛、吳明興、陳建宏、彭康瑜、林生發、羅財怡、 鄭俊傑、白炎典
關鍵字預力梁補強、碳纖維貼片、外置預力、電氣隔離鋼腱、可更換後拉預力系統、 橋梁監測
摘要隨著預力橋梁數量成長，以及已通車使用時間增長，預力箱型梁之維護補強需求亦漸增。本文以國道後續路段橋梁耐震補強工程（區段2-1）中國道3號烏溪1號河川橋預力箱型梁補強為案例介紹從橋梁現況調查、評估、補強設計到完工後監測各階段之執行方式與考量。本橋採用碳纖維強化聚合物複合材料 (carbon fiber reinforced polymer, CFRP) 貼片進行大梁及箱梁上翼板撓曲與剪力補強，為確認其補強成效，於施工階段同時辦理CFRP貼片錨碇性能試驗及縮尺CFRP補強斷面力學行為試驗，以回饋補強設計。另本橋搭配增設外置預力補強，以調整改善箱型梁之應力狀態；其設計參考國際結構混凝土學會 (The International Federation for Structural Concrete, fib) 及後拉預力學會 (Post-Tensioning Institute, PTI) 對防蝕保護等級之分類，採用第三級保護等級 (protection level 3, PL3) 標準，運用真空灌漿、電氣隔離鋼 (electrically isolated tendon, EIT)、鋼腱張力磁通量感測器 (elasto-magnetic sensor, EM Sensor)、可更換式後拉外置預力系統等技術，以提供外置預力鋼腱耐久性、可監控性及可抽換性。本工程並規劃有完工後監測系統，可透過補強後橋梁行為監測，以驗證整體補強成效，並提供後續管理及養護參考依據。
TitleInvestigation, Evaluation, Strengthening Design & Construction and Long-Term Monitoring of Wuxi No. 1 Bridge on National Highway 3
AuthorMeng-Kang Chung, Ming-Xing Wu, Chien-Hung Chen, Kang-Yu Peng, Sheng-Fa Lin, Tsair-Yi Luo, Jiunn-Jye Jeng, Yen-Tiem Pai
Keywordsprestressed concrete girder retrofitting, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, external tendon, electrically isolated tendon system, replaceable post-tensioned external tendon system, bridge monitoring
AbstractWith the proliferation of prestressed concrete bridges and the aging of existing structures, the demand for maintenance and retrofitting has surged. This article presents a comprehensive case study based on the retrofitting project of Wuxi No. 1 Bridge on National Highway 3, detailing the methodology and considerations employed at each stage, encompassing investigation, evaluation, strengthening design, construction, and long-term monitoring. The retrofitting strategy for the superstructure of Wuxi No. 1 Bridge involved the utilization of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) to enhance both flexural and shear capacity. To validate the effectiveness of CFRP, supplementary experiments were conducted during construction, with the results iteratively provided to the designer. External tendons were adopted to adjust superstructure stress, achieving Protection Level 3 (PL3) in accordance with the corrosion protective classification of The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) and Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI). Various techniques, including vacuum-assisted grouting, the electrically isolated tendon (EIT) system, elasto-magnetic sensor (EM Sensor), and a replaceable post-tensioned external tendon system, were amalgamated to ensure the durability, monitorability, and replaceability of the external tendon system. A long-term monitoring system was implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of retrofit by continuously assessing structural behavior. The insights gained from this project serve as a valuable reference for future bridge management and maintenance.
標題鋼筋混凝土結構耐震評估之自動化輔助程式開發
作者張雅晴、邱建國、邱聰智、廖文義
關鍵字耐震評估、非線性鉸、輔助程式
摘要

本研究開發一適用於ETABS分析軟體的結構物耐震分析輔助程式，主要目的為 (1) 提供國家地震工程研究中心《校舍結構耐震評估與補強技術手冊第三版》（簡 稱TEASPA V3）與《臺灣結構耐震評估與補強技術手冊》（簡稱TEASPA V4）之 輸入檔參數自動化輔助功能，如梁構件有效翼寬計算、梁柱構件有效長度計算、窗 台柱塑鉸位置調整等，讓在進行評估工作時，可以減少繁瑣之輸入與人為錯誤。(2) 以TEASPA V4之理論為依據，提出一修改後的柱塑鉸設定方式，提供自動化計算 與設置，除改善TEASPA V4柱構件使用軸力─彎矩 (axial force-moment, P-M) 互 制塑鉸可能收斂慢之情況，也讓僅有M3塑鉸功能之ETABS版本使用者，也可以 依TEASPA V4理論進行高層建物耐震評估。在簡化柱塑鉸上，假設地震造成之彎 矩與軸力為等比例增加，求得柱降伏時在P-M曲線上所對應之軸力，並依此軸力計算塑鉸容量。此外，亦提供可使用ATC-40容量震譜法或以耐震規範反算法求取耐 震能力之輔助功能，求得不同韌性容量下對應的耐震性能。以兩高層建物為例，分 析結果與TEASPA V3及TEASPA V4進行比對檢核，驗證內容包括基底剪力、耐 震性能、破壞行為的探討等，以驗證程式之正確性。本輔助程式與其使用說明可於 臺灣結構耐震評估側推分析法下載專區下載，網址為：
https://teaspa.ncree.org.tw/Home/DownloadFile/13

TitleDevelopment of Auxiliary Program for Seismic Capacity Assessment of RC Structures
AuthorYa-Ching Chang, Chien-Kuo Chiu, Tsung-Chih Chiu, Wen-I Liao
Keywordsseismic capacity assessment, nonlinear hinge, auxiliary program
Abstract

This research develops a seismic analysis auxiliary program for structures. The main objectives are (1) to provide automation assistance for input file of TEASPA (Taiwan earthquake assessment and strengthening of structures by pushover analysis) V3 and V4 developed by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, such as calculating the effective flange width of beams, the effective length of beams and columns, adjusting the plastic hinge position of windowsill columns, etc. This aims to reduce the tedious input work and minimize human errors for engineers. (2) Based on the theory of TEASPA V4, a modified model for column plastic hinges is proposed. It offers automated calculation of nonlinear hinge parameters, addressing to improve the slow convergence in using P-M interaction plastic hinges for columns. This modification also enables users of ETABS versions with only M3 plastic hinge function to conduct seismic assessments for high-rise buildings according to TEASPA V4. In modified P-M column hinges, the seismic-induced moment and axial force are assumed to increase proportionally. The corresponding axial force at the yield point of the P-M curve is determined, and the capacity of the column is calculated based on this force. Additionally, the program provides a function for determining seismic capacity using the ATC-40 capacity spectrum method or the method based on design code, obtaining seismic performance corresponding to different ductility. Two buildings are analyzed as examples, and the results are compared against TEASPA V3 and V4, including base shear strength, seismic performance, and discussions on failure modes to validate the accuracy of this program. The program can be downloaded at:                          https://teaspa.ncree.org.tw/Home/ DownloadFile/13

標題 台度磚牆剪力強度公式對鋼筋混凝土建築物側推分析的影響
作者 張順益、詹芬淇、張肇元
關鍵字 側推分析、短柱效應、台度磚牆剪力強度、鋼筋混凝土
摘要 先前的研究發現舊台度磚牆剪力公式並無法可靠預測台度磚牆的剪力強度，於是進行反覆載重試驗而提出新台度磚牆剪力公式。本文探討新、舊台度磚牆剪力強度公式對既有建築物側推分析的影響。分析結果發現：(1)含有高台度磚牆的建築物，當使用舊台度磚牆剪力公式，可能因低估磚牆的剪力強度而使磚牆先發生破壞並避免了短柱破壞的發生，因而高估了建築物的性能目標地表加速度；(2)只含有低台度磚牆的建築物，不管是使用新或舊台度磚牆剪力公式，其性能目標地表加速度值可能差異不大；(3)台度磚牆頂部因配置低矮的窗戶直覺上屬於高台度磚牆，預期發生短柱破壞，但實務上可能未發生短柱破壞。本研究發現當磚牆淨寬較大或磚牆砌法有較大的臨界破裂角時，此類磚牆屬於低台度磚牆而非高台度磚牆，所以不會有短柱破壞。另外，高樓層的高台度磚牆也可能因高樓層所受的地震總橫力較小而避免了短柱破壞。由於舊台度磚牆剪力強度公式低估高台度磚牆的剪力強度，因而在側推分析時可能導致高台度磚牆先行發生破壞而避免了短柱破壞，因而高估性能目標地表加速度，也因此無法早期偵測出耐震能力不足的建築物，據此強烈建議主管單位應修正舊台度磚牆剪力強度計算公式以提高耐震能力詳細評估的可靠性。
Title Effect of Shear Strength Formula for Masonry Window Spandrel in Pushover Analysis of RC Building
Author Shuenn-Yih Chang, Fen-Chyi Chan, Karen Chang
Keywords pushover analysis, short column effect, shear strength of masonry window spandrel, reinforced concrete
Abstract

It has been shown that the current formula for predicting the shear strength of masonry window spandrel may not be reliable. Thus, a series of cyclically loading tests were conducted for the reinforced concrete (RC) frames with different heights of masonry window spandrels and then a new formula is proposed to predict the shear strength. Herein, a further study is focused on the effect of using these new and old formulas in pushover analysis of old RC buildings with masonry window spandrel. The results reveal: (1) The use of the old formula for high masonry window spandrel may underestimate its shear strength. Hence, it might be damaged first and there is no short column failure. As a result, the performance-target ground acceleration (Ap ) of the building under analysis will be overestimated; (2) There is no significant difference in Ap value for using either new or old formula if the building has low masonry window spandrel; (3) Some masonry window spandrels look like high masonry window spandrels and it is expected that a short column failure will occur for the RC building under analysis. However, it shows no short column failure. This is because these masonry window spandrels are low masonry window spandrels because they may have a large width or their brick bond has a large critical failure angle. Since the old shear strength formula underestimates the shear strength of the high masonry window spandrels, it is likely to cause these high masonry window spandrels fail first without short column failure in the pushover analysis. Consequently, the Ap value is overestimated. Thus, buildings with insufficient seismic resistance cannot be detected early. Based on this, it is strongly recommended that the authority should revise the old shear strength formula for masonry window spandrel to improve the reliability of seismic evaluation of RC buildings.
標題 應用變分自動編碼器產生人造地震歷時
作者 林怡勳、黃謝恭
關鍵字 變分自動編碼器、特徵學習、人造地震歷時
摘要

地震是地球上的主要災害之一，其影響涵蓋社會、經濟和環境等多個層面。然而目前對地震的預測能力有限，這促使許多研究者採取各種手段來應對可能發生的地震災害。像是地震早期警報 (earthquake early warning)、結構健康監測 (structural health monitoring) 和抗震建築等技術的開發，能夠在地震發生後迅速做出反應，減少損害。然而，這些方法的成功與否很大程度上依賴於豐富且具代表性的地震數據。由於大地震的發生頻率較低，因此可供分析的地震數據經常受到限制，特別是在地震發生較少或觀測技術尚未完善的地區。為了解決這一問題，本研究引入了變分自編碼器 (variational autoencoder, VAE) 這一種基於機械學習 (machine learning) 的方法，VAE 具有強大的學習和生成能力，能夠自動提取地震數據的特徵。通過應用地震資料在VAE上，能夠生成具有多樣性且保留原始特徵的人造地震，這為地震數據的模擬提供了新的途徑。而本研究中，本文首先使用單一事件下的數據921地震進行模擬，經過預處理後最終留下293筆資料，初步訓練結果表明VAE能夠生成具有多樣性且符合原始數據特徵的人造地震 (artifical earthquake)。後續進一步應用VAE 於台灣七個特定地區的地震資料，最終結果不斷地驗證地震數據應用於VAE的可行性，為結構工程與地震工程技術提供了更多可靠的數據，並提出未來的研究方向。
Title Applying Variational Autoencoder for Generating Artificial Earthquake Waveforms
Author Yi-Xun Lin, Shieh-Kung Huang
Keywords variational autoencoder, feature learning, artificial earthquake waveforms
Abstract

As one of the major disasters on earth, earthquakes and their impacts cover a wide range of social, economic, and environmental aspects. However, forecasting earthquakes is currently impracticable, so many researchers have adopted various measures to cope with possible earthquake effects, such as earthquake early warning (EEW), structural health monitoring (SHM), earthquake-resistant structures, etc. This development allows us to respond to events and reduce impacts quickly. Although those advances are successful, they heavily rely on the availability and variety of earthquake data, which is often limited for large earthquakes or areas that are not earthquake-prone. Therefore, not much earthquake data can be used for structural analysis due to the deficiency of observation. In order to address this issue, this study introduces the variational autoencoder (VAE), a machine learning (ML) based approach. VAE is a generative model capable of automatically extracting the seismic features and reproducing the earthquake data. Moreover, it can generate artificial earthquake waveforms with diversity by using the extracted features, which provides a new way to synthesize waveforms. In this study, the 921 earthquake was first adopted, and a total of 293 waveforms were used for training. The preliminary results show that VAE is great while generating artificial earthquake waveforms. Subsequently, VAE is applied to the earthquake data from seven regions in Taiwan, and the final results verify the feasibility. As a result, VAE can provide merits for the development of structural and earthquake engineering, and the paper ends by suggesting future research.
標題雙軸向動態試驗系統之動態特性識別與探討
作者林旺春、游忠翰、楊卓諺、林晉丞、曾育凡、彭聖凱、汪向榮
關鍵字雙軸向動態試驗系統、摩擦力特性、系統識別、迭代分析、直接剪力量測系統
摘要

目前有助於隔震技術研發與隔震支承測試的大型壓剪試驗機，尤其是具有動態控制能力者，鮮少甚至不曾公開其動態特性與系統參數識別的研究報告。因此，對於國家地震工程研究中心雙軸向動態試驗系統提供研究與測試服務前，本研究規劃與執行一系列不同水平速度與位移振幅的三角波循環載重試驗，以及不同振動頻率與位移振幅的正弦波循環載重試驗，建立系統摩擦力（係數）與水平速度的關係式，並識別慣性力（等效質量），以更為清楚瞭解與掌握其動態特性。主要研究內容為三個階段：(1) 第一階段為在未加裝隔震支承下，進行一系列的三角波與正弦波循環載重試驗，其目的為求得試驗系統於垂直向空載下，對應不同水平速度之系統摩擦力（係數）與慣性力（等效質量）；(2) 第二階段採用經潤滑平面滑動摩擦隔震支承，於施加垂直軸向荷載為10 MN下，分別進行三角波與正弦波之循環載重試驗，並提出一迭代分析方法，識別系統摩擦力（係數）與水平速度之關係式；(3) 最後，將鉛心橡膠隔震支承與直接剪力測量系統串聯，使其排除試驗系統摩擦力和慣性力，進行一系列測試，並透過試驗結果的比較與探討，進一步證明雙軸向動態試驗系統數學模型的可靠性和直接剪力測量策略的可行性。

TitleInvestigation of the Essential Parameters of the Bi-Axial Dynamic Testing System in the Tainan Laboratory
AuthorWang-Chuen Lin, Chung-Han Yu, Cho-Yen Yang, Chin-Cheng Lin, Yu-Fan Tseng, Shen-Kai Peng, Shiang-Jung Wang
Keywordsbi-axial dynamic testing system, friction performance, system identification, iteration methodology, direct force measurement system
Abstract

Large-scale testing machines with dynamic compression and shear testing capabilities play a crucial role in developing seismic isolation technology and testing full-scale seismic isolators. However, to date, relatively little research has been conducted on its dynamic performance verification and system parameter identification. Only a few studies have established the empirical model to predict the relationship between system friction and peak velocity of the Caltrans seismic response modification device (SRMD) test system in the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), based on the various characterization testing. To support academia and industry, the dynamic characteristics of the biaxial dynamic testing system (BATS) at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) must be thoroughly investigated. When no specimens are installed, the system friction of BATS generated by the various sliding surfaces can be identified and mathematically characterized using the horizontal triangular reversed loading test results; then, the effective mass of BATS can be estimated using the horizontal sinusoidal reversal loading test results to solve the inertia force problem. Under vertical compression loading, it is assumed that the system friction of BATS and the shear force of the specimen are simply related to the applied total normal force (or vertical compression load) and horizontal excitation rate. An iteration methodology is proposed to identify and mathematically describe the dependency of the friction performance of BATS and the specimen on total normal forces (or vertical compression loads) and horizontal excitation rates by iterating the horizontal triangular and sinusoidal reversed loading test results. To simplify the tests, a lubricated flat sliding bearing is used as the specimen, subjected to horizontal triangular and sinusoidal reversed loading with a constant vertical compression load. The reliability of the proposed mathematical model for BATS and the feasibility of the proposed direct force measurement strategy are further demonstrated by comparing the calibrated force response with the directly measured response.

第三十九卷第三期 (期別153) (113年)

作者:

第三十九卷第三期 (期別153) (113年)

「先進隔減震技術」特刊

客座主編:汪向榮教授、楊卓諺研究員

標題「先進隔減震技術」特刊引言
作者汪向榮、楊卓諺
 

    自1999年921集集大地震後，國內隔減震技術之研發與應用逐漸蓬勃發展，相較於傳統耐震技術，其不僅能夠達到基本安全需求，更能滿足保護標的之服務性、舒適性、功能性以及震後韌性與復原力要求。再者，由近年國內數次顯著地震災害之省思，以及結構與設備於真實地震下之耐震表現反饋，如2016年美濃地震、2018年與2024年花蓮地震，應用隔減震技術之結構與設備能展現出預期之優異性能，除了於震中能顯著降低受震反應外，於震後得不需任何修復或僅需簡易檢修後迅速恢復運作。然隨著近年陸續觀察與蒐集到具有不同特性之本土地震紀錄，著實反映出持續開發創新隔減震技術之必要性與迫切性，尤其是對於攸關國家長遠發展的新世代、新科技、新能源以及重要經濟產業，仍需持續進行相關研發，以提出相應且適切之耐震減災策略，確實滿足各產業之多樣且特殊之性能目標。

    國內長年投入許多資源以提升地震工程研究能量，諸多重要研究成果已落實於相關耐震設計規範與實務工程應用並有顯著績效，台灣在世界地震工程領域亦占有舉足輕重的地位。國家科學及技術委員對於防災科技領域擬訂諸多長期重要研究課題，其中針對「新材料新工法新技術於地震工程之應用」、「近斷層震波對地震工程影響之應用研究」以及「先進地震工程實驗技術之開發」相關課題，國內目前已有研究團隊長期致力於多功能自適性隔減震系統之研發以及先進模擬實驗驗證技術。本特刊彙集兩大重要研究團隊研究學者之先進隔減震技術研發成果，包含結合自適性控制技術、地震預警技術、多性能目標設計、人工智慧與機器學習、性能設計與評估方法，以及先進實驗與數值模擬技術，希冀能在國內持續研發先進隔減震技術的道路上，不單提供相關重要參考與技術引領外，亦可作為強化國家產業與社會防災之後盾。

                                           國立台灣科技大學營建工程系　汪向榮　教授　　　　　 　
                                                     國家地震工程研究中心　楊卓諺　副研究員　　謹誌
                                                                                     結構工程期刊　特刊客座主編
                                                                                                             2024 年 9月

標題電磁式可變阻尼隔震系統之研發
作者林錦隆、黃譯醇、張名斌
關鍵字電磁阻尼、可變阻尼、半主動控制、隔震技術、近斷層震波、振動台試驗
摘要本研究旨在發展電磁式可變阻尼隔震系統 (electromagnetic variable-damping
seismic isolation system, EM-VDSIS)，於滑動隔震系統中加入可變電磁式阻尼器，使隔震系統之阻尼比為可控制之參數，可依照自行定義的控制律即時變化，提升隔震效益。本研究首先介紹EM-VDSIS的運作原理，並藉由機構之力學行為建構數學模型，推導其運動方程式與數值模擬方法，隨後以數值模擬方式，驗證EM-VDSIS之可變阻尼功能，具備能同時滿足近、遠域震波之隔震需求的潛力。在機構之實現方面，本研究首先設計製作第I代EM-VDSIS，並利用電子負載機提供可控制之電阻，進而改變隔震系統之阻尼比。不過，由於電子負載機無法達到理想控制電磁阻尼的效果。因此，本研究設計製作第II代EM-VDSIS，除提升電磁阻尼器的功率外，並改用機械式可變電阻機構提供可控制之電阻值。EM-VDSIS (II) 之開迴路控制振動台實驗結果顯示，機械式可變電阻機構可依控制命令，即時改變隔震系統之阻尼比。另外，隔震系統之理論分析結果與實驗動態反應相符，證實本研究之理論模型與相關公式之正確性。
TitleDevelopment of Electromagnetic Variable Damping Seismic Isolation System
AuthorGing-Long Lin, Yi-Chun Huang, Ming-Bin Chang
Keywordselectromagnetic damping, variable damping, semi-active control, seismic isolation,
near-fault earthquake, shaking table test
AbstractThis study aims to develop an electromagnetic variable-damping seismic isolation system(EM-VDSIS), which incorporates a variable electromagnetic damper into a sliding isolation system. This allows the damping ratio of the EM-VDSIS to be a controllable parameter that can change in real-time according to a defined control law, enhancing the effectiveness of seismic isolation. The principle of the EM-VDSIS is first introduced in this study, and a mathematical
model is constructed based on the mechanical behavior of the EM-VDSIS to derive its equations of motion and numerical simulation methods. Subsequently, numerical simulations are used to verify the variable damping function of the EM-VDSIS, with the potential to meet the seismic isolation requirements of both near-field and far-field ground motions. In terms of implementation, the EM-VDSIS (I) was first designed and manufactured, with a controllable resistance provided by an electronic load machine to alter the damping ratio of the isolation system. However, the electronic load machine fails to achieve ideal control of electromagnetic damping. Therefore, the EM-VDSIS (II) upgraded the power of the electromagnetic damper and used a mechanical variable resistor mechanism to provide controllable resistance values. The results of open-loop control with EM-VDSIS (II) using a shaking table demonstrate that the mechanical variable resistor mechanism can change the damping ratio of the isolation system in real-time according to control commands. Additionally, the theoretical analysis of the isolation system matches the experimental dynamic responses, confirming the accuracy of the theoretical model and related formulas in this study.
標題結合強震預警與半主動滾動隔震支承之研發與試驗驗證
作者莊子霆、黃謝恭、許丁友、汪向榮
關鍵字斜面式滾動隔震支承、半主動控制、強震預警、磁流變阻尼器
摘要以往的被動式滾動隔震支承，一旦設計製作安裝至現場，則其參數已經固定不變，對於一般遠域地震波時，可有效控制受保護物體的最大加速度反應於一定範圍內。但是，當受到具有速度脈衝的近斷層地震波時，則其位移反應可能超出限制而發生碰撞。因此本研究開發結合強震預警技術之半主動滾動隔震支承，將斜面式滾動隔震支承 (sloped rolling-type seismic isolation bearing, SRI) 結合磁流變阻尼器(magnetorheological damper, MR Damper)，並發展可根據初達波特徵推估最大地表速度 (peak ground velocity, PGV) 的卷積神經網路預測模型，建立根據PGV及控制MR Damper 所需電壓的控制律，當量測到初達波到達後前幾秒資訊，即可根據模型預測該地震之PGV，並根據控制律得到該次地震下MR Damper所需之電壓，將電壓輸入控制系統使SRI之位移反應控制在門檻值之下，以在強震波來臨前調整滾動隔震支承之阻尼力，使其在一般地震波作用下發揮SRI控制上傳加速度之功能，且其最大位移反應於具有速度脈衝的近斷層地震波作用下仍不至於超出門檻值。本研究將所開發之半主動滾動隔震支承架設於振動台上進行試驗驗證其可行性，由結果可知，所開發之半主動隔震支承能有效發揮其預想之功能。
TitleSemi-Active Sloped Rolling-Type Isolators Based on Earthquake Early Warning Techniques
AuthorZi-Ting Chuang, Shieh-Kung Huang, Ting-Yu Hsu, Shiang-Jung Wang
Keywordsslope rolling-type seismic isolators, semi-active control, earthquake early warning, magnetorheological damper 
AbstractPassive rolling seismic isolators, once designed, manufactured, and installed on-site, have fixed parameters. They can effectively control the maximum acceleration response of the protected object within a certain range when subjected to typical far-field seismic waves, showing remarkable performance. However, when subjected to near-fault seismic waves with velocity pulses, their displacement response may exceed the limits, leading to collisions and damage to the protected object. Therefore, this study proposes the development of a semi-active rolling seismic isolator that integrates sloped rolling-type isolators (SRI) with magnetorheological dampers (MRDampers) and utilizes earthquake early warning technology. This research involves the development of a convolutional neural network (CNN) prediction model to estimate the peak ground velocity (PGV) based on the characteristics of the initial arriving wave. Additionally, control laws are established to determine the required voltage for the MR Damper based on the predicted PGV. By measuring the initial wave arrival information, the system can predict the PGV using the CNN model and apply the control laws to obtain the required voltage for the MR Damper. This enables the adjusting the damping force of the rolling seismic isolator to prevent its displacement response from exceeding the limits during near-fault strong motions with velocity pulses. The feasibility of this proposed approach is verified through experimental tests of a SRI system. The experimental results demonstrate that this system effectively limits the displacement of SRI below the threshold value, validating the concept and feasibility of the proposed method.
標題具斜交黏滯阻尼器之幾何非線性隔震系統的開發與性能分析
作者劉倢妤、張家銘
關鍵字隔震系統、幾何非線性、多目標性能
摘要地震發生可能導致醫療設備及廠房精密儀器毀損，甚至造成嚴重經濟損失及生 命危害。為此，過去普遍應用基底隔震達到降低受震反應，該策略是透過安裝隔震 系統，進而延長結構或設備的振動週期，有效降低地震對上部結構之傳導。然而， 研究指出當地震規模較大時，基底隔震系統可能產生過大位移，需適當增加隔震系 統之阻尼以降低位移量。隔震系統阻尼之需求，通常是基於設計地震力進行設計， 導致在中小地震時，阻尼過大，隔震效果不佳，缺乏適應不同地震規模的能力。為 此，本研究開發一種具斜交阻尼器的幾何非線性隔震系統，應用幾何之概念，調節 阻尼器出力，確保在不同規模之地震作用下達到對上部結構或設備物之保護。首先，本研究透過對幾何非線性阻尼進行動力特性分析以瞭解整體非線性行為，接著利用 平均法獲得頻率域下外力─位移以及絕對加速度之關係。為了評估系統在真實地震下的性能表現，引入高雄美濃地震進行實際模擬，並定義三個性能指標來評估時間域的動態行為。最後，應用滾動型單擺支承及黏滯阻尼器結合，並透過幾何配置進行振動台實驗以驗證數值模型可靠性，進而證明幾何非線性系統具對外力之適應性與多目標性能。
TitleDevelopment and Performance Analysis of Seismic Isolation Bearings With Angled Viscous Damper
AuthorChieh-Yu Liu, Chia-Ming Chang
Keywordsseismic isolation, geometric nonlinearity, multiple performance objectives
AbstractEarthquakes pose a significant impact on machinery requiring high-precision manufacturing in advanced facilities. Meanwhile, severe earthquakes cause enormous economic losses and threaten lives. Base isolation is a popular method for controlling seismic impact, extensively employed to mitigate structural response and lessen seismic risk. However, certain studies suggest that base isolation could lead to excessive displacement during severe earthquakes. To enhance safety and functionality, supplemental damping is recommended to be integrated into the isolation system to mitigate large displacements. However, isolation parameters are typically designed for design-level earthquakes, resulting in increased absolute acceleration during small-to-moderate earthquakes and limited displacement control capacity during large earthquakes due to the lack of adaptability in damping. This study proposes an isolation system with geometrically nonlinear damping and first examines the dynamic characteristics. Subsequently, the relationship between seismic input and isolation responses in the frequency domain is analyzed using the averaging method. The seismic performance of the proposed system is then evaluated using earthquake records from the 2016 Kaohsiung Meinong earthquake to assess time-domain performance set at various initial inclining angles. Through a series of investigations, it is observed that the geometrically nonlinear damping configuration offers advantages by providing adaptive damping forces to isolation bearings and achieving multiple performance objectives across different earthquake magnitudes. Additionally, the proposed isolation system with a geometrically nonlinear viscous damper is experimentally validated to confirm the displacement-force relationship through shake table testing. In the experimental setup, the isolation system comprises three single-curvature grooves moving on fixed ball bearings alongside an angled linearly viscous damper. During the test, this isolation system is subjected to harmonic excitation on a uniaxial shake table to obtain force-displacement behaviors. The results demonstrate a close behavior between the simulated force displacement relationship and the experiment, thus indirectly carry out the multiple performance objectives of the proposed system against earthquakes.
標題應用主動激振法與機器學習生成結構主動控制律之研究
作者周哲緯、王暐鈞、陳沛清
關鍵字主動激振法、機器學習、外源輸入自迴歸模型、結構控制器、主動質量阻 尼器、振動台實驗
摘要傳統主動控制必須透過系統識別取得結構的簡化數值模型，再根據此模型進行結構控制器的設計與分析，此數值模型將直接影響結構主動控制的性能。此外，常用的線性二次調節器 (linear-quadratic regulator, LQR)，常需要設計狀態估測器以估測結構的狀態進行回饋控制。然而，不論是數值模型的建置或結構控制器與狀態估測器的設計皆仰賴工程師的實務經驗，增加了結構主動控制實務應用的門檻。因此，本研究提出一種自動生成結構控制器的方式，其透過主動控制元件對結構產生微小的激振並量測結構樓層的加速度反應，再利用外源輸入自迴歸神經網路模型，以機器學習方法學習激振力與結構加速度反應之逆向關係，自動生成結構控制器。本研究使用了9層樓和27層樓兩種結構數值模型，並假設其頂層配置了主動質量阻尼器 (active mass damper, AMD)，以 14 組地震加速度歷時進行結構之受震反應分析，並比較本研究自動生成之結構控制器與權重最佳化LQR控制器的結構控制性能。最後，本研究製作1組3層樓結構試體，在其頂層安裝AMD，以進行振動台實驗驗證。實驗結果顯示，自動生成之結構控制器可有效地降低結構之加速度與位移受震反應，並與透過傳統設計所得之結構控制器有相比的控制性能表現。
TitleAutomatic Generation of an Active Structural Controller Using Direct Excitation With Machine Learning
AuthorChe-Wei Chou, Wei-Jung Wang, Pei-Ching Chen
Keywordsdirect excitation method, machine learning, autoregressive with exogenous inputs, optimal control, active mass damper, shake table testing
AbstractFor active control structural systems, it is necessary to obtain a simplified numerical model of the structure through system identification. Controller design and analysis for vibration control are conducted based on this numerical model. Therefore, the representativeness and accuracy of the numerical model directly affect the performance of active structural control. Additionally, common structural controllers such as the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) require the additional design of an observer to estimate the state of the structure for feedback control. However, both system identification and the design of structural controller and observer rely on the experience of engineers, thus increasing the practical application barrier of active structural control. In view of this, this study proposes a method for automatically generating structural controllers to mitigate seismic responses of structures. By using active control devices to generate small excitations on the structure and measuring the associated acceleration response, the inverse relationship between excitation force and structural acceleration response can be obtained through machine learning with a recurrent dynamic neural network called the autoregressive with exogenous inputs (ARX) model. Two structural models with 9-story, and 27-story configurations were assumed for numerical simulation. An active mass damper (AMD) was installed at the top of each structural model. Time history analyses were performed using 14 earthquake acceleration records to compare the control performance of the controller generated by the proposed method and LQR with optimized weighting matrices. Finally, a three-story shear building specimen was fabricated in the structural laboratory for shake table verification testing. An AMD driven by a servo motor was installed at the top floor. The experimental results show that the automatically-generated structural controller can effectively reduce the displacement and acceleration responses of the specimen and has similar structural control performance to structural controllers obtained through conventional design approaches.
標題含摩擦阻尼器鋼筋混凝土結構耐震補強之性能設計法及耐震評估
作者葉士瑋、盧煉元、蕭輔沛、郭聖勤、陳品存、張簡嘉賞
關鍵字結構耐震補強、摩擦阻尼器、性能設計法、耐震評估、BN文氏模型、鋼筋混凝土結構
摘要阻尼器補強屬先進之建築物耐震性能補強方法，且已有許多學者提出各類阻尼 器之設計方法，但多以黏滯型或金屬降伏型阻尼器較為常見，而以摩擦阻尼器進行 建物耐震補強之性能設計法與耐震評估等相關研究較為少見。有鑑於此，本文提出 結合容量震譜法及規範公式之摩擦型阻尼器性能設計方法，該設計方法係引入性能 設計之概念，可用以提升建物之耐震等級至預設之性能目標。為驗證本文所提摩擦 阻尼器性能設計法之有效性，本文選擇一棟七層樓鋼筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete, RC) 建築物，並按照上述之性能設計法之計算流程以獲得摩擦阻尼器之參數。接著以11筆反應譜相容之震波進行動力歷時分析，以評估摩擦阻尼器之補強效果。其中，為了精確模擬RC結構之非線性行為，本文於結構數值模型中引入Bouc-Wen Baber-Noori 模型以模擬一樓柱構件之塑性行為。本文模擬結果顯示前述RC結構於設計地震力作用下之耐震性能等級，可由補強前的避免倒塌耐震等級提升至生命安全之耐震等級，符合預設之性能設計目標，由此驗證本文提出摩擦阻尼器性能設計法之準確性。再者，摩擦阻尼器補強後之一樓層間變位角減震率可達約40%，而頂樓加速度減震率亦可達6%，故可看出摩擦阻尼器不但對於結構位移之減震效果相當顯著，也同時於加速度反應有減震效果。
TitlePerformance-Based Design and Assessment of Friction Dampers for Seismic Retrofit of a Reinforced-Concrete Structure
AuthorShih-Wei Yeh, Lyan-Ywan Lu, Fu-Pei Hsiao, Sheng-Qin Quo, Pin-Tsun Chen, Chia-Shang Chang Chien
Keywordsseismic retrofit, friction damper, performance-based design, seismic assessment, Bouc-Wen-Baber-Noori model, reinforced-concrete structure
AbstractThe use of dampers for seismic retrofit of a building structure is an advanced retrofitting technique, and many researchers have proposed various damper design methods. However, viscous and metallic-type dampers are more commonly used in practice, and studies on the design and assessment of friction dampers for seismic retrofit of structures are limited. To this end, this paper proposes a performance-based design method for friction dampers. The method, which combines the capacity-spectrum method with the codified damper design formulas, can improve the retrofitted building to a desired performance level. To validate the proposed performance-based design method, this paper employs the design procedure to determine the design parameters of a friction damper used in seismic retrofit of a seven-story reinforced concrete (RC) building. The seismic performance of the RC building with the friction damper is then assessed through the nonlinear time-history analysis using 11 spectrum-compatible ground motions. This paper adopts the Bouc-Wen-Baber-Noori model in the numerical model to accurately simulate the post-yield behavior of the RC columns in the first story. Under the DBE (design basis earthquake) intensity ground motions, the numerical results indicate an improvement in the seismic performance level of the RC building from the CP (collapse prevention) level to the LS (life safety) level, which meets the pre-set performance design objective. This validates the effectiveness of the proposed friction damper design method. Additionally, the numerical
simulation also demonstrates that the friction damper achieves a reduction rate of 40% on the peak inter story drift ratio of the first story and a reduction rate of 6% on the peak acceleration of the top floor. 
標題靜態輸出回饋與參數更新迭代方法設計最佳目標反應之被動調諧質量阻尼器
作者賴勇安、張淇閎、洪憲証
關鍵字TMD、最佳被動控制、最佳勁度與阻尼係數、最佳質量、靜態輸出回饋、 風力與地震力
摘要本文將被動調諧質量阻尼器 (tuned mass damper, TMD) 針對最佳化目標反應之參數設計問題，轉換為主動控制理論，靜態輸出回饋（或稱直接輸出回饋）中增益矩陣之最佳化問題，經由主動控制理論中最佳增益矩陣之求解方式，從而可得到目標反應均方最小化時，被動TMD之最佳勁度與阻尼係數或最佳質量。所提之靜態輸出回饋設計方法，不論結構為單自由度或多自由度，為有阻尼結構或無阻尼結構，外力為風力或地震力，皆可適用。且針對不同減振目標，僅需選擇不同之輸出矩陣，組合出對應之權重矩陣求解即可，十分直觀與簡便。如結構為單自由度，經由數值模擬驗證，所求出被動TMD針對最佳化目標反應之設計參數，與隨機振動理論下所得之解析解相等，或與近似解相近，確認所提之設計方法無誤且可行。本文亦以所提之方法，另外求得地震力下，單自由度結構速度或絕對加速度之均方反應最小化，TMD之最佳頻率比與阻尼比，供工程師設計時參考；最後，以五層樓之標稱結構與十層樓之ETABS結構，分別加裝被動TMD進行示範，設計TMD之最佳勁度與阻尼係數，或最佳質量，確認此方法對於多自由度結構系統也同樣適用。
TitleDesign Passive Tuned Mass Damper With Optimal Target Response Using Static Output Feedback and Parameter Updating Iterative Method
AuthorYong-An Lai, Chi-Hung Chang, Xian-Zheng Hong
Keywordstuned mass damper (TMD), optimal passive control, optimal stiffness and damping coefficient, optimal mass, static output feedback, wind and seismic loads
AbstractThis study proposes a comprehensive passive tuned mass damper (TMD) optimization design method to minimize structural mean square responses. The optimization design problem for passive TMD is reformulated as an optimal control problem, specifically, the optimal gain matrix design problem in static output feedback (or direct output feedback). By solving for the optimal gain matrix, the optimal stiffness and damping coefficients, or optimal mass, of the passive tuned mass damper can be obtained. The proposed method is applicable to both single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) and multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structures, whether damped or undamped structures, and subjected to wind or seismic loads. Moreover, for different vibration reduction objectives, only different output matrices need to be selected, and the corresponding weighting matrices can be combined for the solving process, making it intuitive and straightforward. In the case of SDOF structures, numerical simulations validate that the optimal design parameters of the passive TMD obtained through this method are identical to the analytical solutions derived from random vibration theory, or closely approach to the approximate solutions, confirming the correctness and feasibility of the proposed design method. Additionally, using the proposed method, the optimal TMD frequency ratio and TMD damping ratio for minimizing the mean square response of velocity or absolute acceleration of SDOF structures under seismic forces are presented, providing reference for engineers in design. Finally, demonstrations are conducted with a passive TMD installed on a five-story MDOF structures and a ten-story ETABS structure, respectively, to design TMD optimal stiffness and damping coefficients, or optimal TMD mass. The results confirm that the proposed method is applicable to MDOF structural systems.

第三十九卷第二期 (期別152) (113年)

作者:

第三十九卷第二期 (期別152) (113年)

標題鋼筋混凝土箱型梁碳纖維貼片剪力補強試驗
作者洪曉慧、江奇融、陳俊仲、葉芳耀、陳國隆、羅財怡、李奕霆、彭康瑜、吳明興、陳建宏
關鍵字CFRP 貼片補強、剪力強度、RC 箱型梁
摘要本研究目的為透過試體試驗探討依美國國家公路與運輸官員協會 (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, AASHTO) 規範設計之碳纖維 (carbon fiber reinforced polymer, CFRP) 貼片補強對已產生混凝土剪力裂縫之鋼筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete, RC) 箱型梁的剪力補強效益，故設計並製作兩組剪力強度不足的RC 箱型梁試體，並在施作CFRP 補強後進行承載力試驗。為模擬標的橋梁產生剪力裂縫後再進行補強之狀態，其一之箱型梁試體先加載至剪力裂縫產生後再進行CFRP 貼片補強，另一箱型梁試體則直接進行CFRP 貼片補強，最後兩組補強試體分別進行加載試驗。透過補強前試體與補強後試體之加載試驗結果比較，可確認CFRP 貼片剪力補強效益，另透過於不同的狀態下執行補強作業的兩座補強試體試驗比較，也進一步確認損傷後橋梁進行剪力補強的效益。
TitleExperimental Study on Reinforced Concrete Box Girder Strengthened in Shear With Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Patches
AuthorHsiao-Hui Hung, Chi-Rung Jiang, Chun-Chung Chen, Fang-Yao Yeh, Kuo-Long Chen, Tsair-Yi Luo, Yi-Ting Lee, Kang-Yu Peng, Ming-Shing Wu, Chien-Hung Chen
KeywordsCFRP patch, shear strength, RC box girder
AbstractThe purpose of this research is to investigate the shear strengthening effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) patched on reinforced concrete (RC) box girder with concrete shear cracks through specimen tests. Therefore, Two RC box girder specimens with insufficient shear strength were designed and fabricated, and the loading tests were carried out after strengthening of girders by CFRP was applied. The CFRP shear reinforcement was designed according to the guide specification published by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). In order to simulate the state of RC box girder after shear cracks already occurred, one of the box girder specimens was loaded at first until shear cracks occurred and then strengthened with CFRP patches, while the other box girder specimen was directly strengthened with CFRP patches. Then, both strengthened specimens were respectively subjected to loading tests. Through the comparison of the loading test results of the specimens before and after strengthening with CFRP patches, the shear strengthening effect of the CFRP patch was confirmed. In addition, through the comparison of the test results of two strengthened specimens performed under different conditions, the benefits of shear strengthening with CFRP patch on RC box girder with existed damage can also be confirmed.
標題高強度橫向鋼筋預力梁之剪力行為
作者歐昱辰、張穩二、吳振維
關鍵字橋梁、預力混凝土、梁、剪力強度、高強度鋼筋、SD790
摘要本研究旨在探討使用高強度剪力鋼筋於預力梁之剪力行為，完成了六座長為5 m、深為600 mm 之預力I 型梁試體，其中，採用SD790 及SD420W 兩種不同強度鋼筋做為剪力鋼筋，試驗參數包含剪力鋼筋比及預力大小，試體以四點簡支梁型式進行單向漸增加載。試驗結果顯示，在相同剪力鋼筋用量與間距下，以高強度鋼筋取代一般強度鋼筋作為預力梁之剪力鋼筋時，可提升其剪力強度，若高強度鋼筋之剪力設計應力採790 MPa，則於相同標稱剪力強度下，預力梁所得到的試驗剪力強度較採一般強度鋼筋者低，因此並不建議以790 MPa 做為預力梁剪力設計的規定降伏強度上限，而若改以600 MPa 進行設計，於相同標稱剪力強度下，預力梁之試驗剪力強度與採一般強度鋼筋者相近。此外，比較本研究預力梁試驗剪力強度與ACI (American Concrete Institute) 318-19 及AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) LRFD 2020 兩種剪力強度計算結果，可發現於ACI 318-19 中，高強度剪力鋼筋之規定降伏強度上限提升至600 MPa，仍可得到合理保守的剪力強度計算結果，而於AASHTO LRFD 2020 中，規定降伏強度上限即便採690 MPa，雖其剪力強度計算值之保守度較普通強度鋼筋之預力梁下降許多，但依然可得到相當保守的計算結果。
TitleShear Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Girders With High-Strength Transverse Reinforcement
AuthorYu-Chen Ou, Dwi Prasetya, Jhen-Wei Wu
Keywordsbridges, prestressed concrete, girder, shear strength, high-strength steel reinforcement, SD790
AbstractThis study investigated the influence of high-strength shear reinforcement on the shear behavior of prestressed concrete girders. Six I-girders, with a cross-sectional height of 600 mm and a total length of 5 m, were constructed and tested in the laboratory using two types of rebar as shear reinforcement: high-strength steel (SD790) and normal-strength steel (SD420W). The test parameters included the transverse reinforcement ratio and prestressing level. Monotonic-static loading was applied in all girders using two loading points. The test results indicated that a direct replacement of normal-strength shear reinforcement with high-strength shear reinforcement increased the shear capacity of the girder. The equivalent shear strength replacement of normalstrength shear reinforcement with high-strength shear reinforcement based on the specified yield strength showed a decrease in the ultimate shear strength. Thus, the use of fy = 790 MPa in shear design calculation is not recommended. In addition, the equivalent shear strength replacement based on a yield strength limit of fy = 600 MPa resulted in similar ultimate shear strengths between the specimen with the normal-strength shear reinforcement and that with the high-strength shear reinforcement. Furthermore, the experimental results were evaluated using the ACI 318-19 and AASHTO LRFD 2020 shear strength models. The findings showed that the yield strength limitation for shear strength design in the ACI 318 could be increased up to 600 MPa. Using 690 MPa as the yield strength limit with the AASHTO LRFD shear strength model still provided a high degree of conservatism.
標題含中等韌性箱型鋼柱七層樓鋼造二元構架系統之複合模擬子結構試驗
作者黃丞偉、王孔君、周中哲、沈厚寬、Claudio Sepulveda、Gilberto Mosqueda、Chia-Ming Uang
關鍵字複合模擬、中等韌性銲接箱型鋼柱、挫屈、力量控制、位移諧和
摘要本文利用複合模擬實驗 (hybrid simulation, HS) 技術，探討一樓銲接箱型鋼柱在軸力及彎矩共同作用下局部挫屈導致鋼柱縮短對整體建築構架耐震行為影響。本研究將HS 應用於一個七層樓鋼造二元構架的數值模型及一實尺寸試體子構架，探討在近斷層地震力作用下的反應。該實尺寸試體為包含中等韌性銲接箱型鋼柱及與其相連之I 型梁的子構架。當試體受到軸力和側向位移時，柱發生撓曲挫屈，柱底產生局部挫屈，導致柱縮短。為了模擬此現象，本研究透過在數值模型中施加一組虛擬等效力以強制達成實驗和數值模型間之位移諧和。在實驗控制上，本研究使用一個四自由度 (degree of freedom, DOF) 的混合控制模式（三位移和一力量控制）進行加載，使得能以簡化之實驗配置模擬子構架試體複雜之邊界條件。在HS 過程中，一樓中間柱的縮短量乃於實驗中實際量測試體反應，而一樓外柱的縮短量則是利用軟體ABAQUS 根據以往鋼柱實驗資料比對事前分析而得。實驗結果證實本研究所提出的控制和建模方法之有效性，能將實驗實際量測及ABAQUS 分析所得之柱垂直位移成功納入HS 的數值歷時分析中，從而更真實地模擬柱縮短對整體構架的影響。此外，中等韌性銲接箱型鋼柱在近斷層地震荷載下表現出良好的耐震行為，驗證AISC 341 高等韌性鋼柱寬厚比限制太過保守。
TitleHybrid Simulation of a Steel Seven-Story Dual System With Measured Buckling-Induced First-Story Box Column Shortening in Subassemblage Tests
AuthorCheng-Wei Huang, Kung-Juin Wang, Chung-Che Chou, Hou-Kuan Shen, Claudio Sepulveda, Gilberto Mosqueda, Chia-Ming Uang
Keywordshybrid simulation, moderately ductile built up box column, buckling, forced control, displacement compatibility
AbstractThis paper presents a series of hybrid simulation (HS) conducted on full-scale steel beam-column connection subassemblages to study the seismic responses of a two-dimensional steel dual frame, considering first-story steel column shortening caused by local or global buckling during the seismic events. A seven-story two-bay dual frame system is composed of a special moment frame (SMF) and a buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) using built-up box columns. The experimental substructure consists of a full-scale interior column and beam cruciform subassemblage, including a moderately ductile first-story built-up box column and two I-shaped beams. Under combined axial and lateral loads, local buckling can occur near the column base, resulting in column shortening. The specimen is loaded through a four degree of freedom (DOF) mixed-mode control (three displacement- and one forcecontrol) actuation system that simplifies the laboratory loading conditions given the complex boundary conditions of the frame structure. To account for column shortening in the HS, a new approach is applied to enforce compatible displacements between the experiment and numerical model. With the column axial load in force control and column shortening, a set of fictitious equivalent forces is applied to columns in the numerical model to achieve compatible displacements. Shortening of two exterior columns in the model is simulated through finite element analysis using the computer program ABAQUS. The test results confirm that the proposed modeling and control methods could successfully integrate the information available in the laboratory and ABAQUS simulation into the HS, resulting in a more realistic frame response that captures the effect of column shortening in the analysis. The moderately ductile built-up box column is also verified to perform well in near-fault earthquake loadings.
標題立面鋼木混合結構水平設計地震力之研究
作者黃凱雋、陳沛清
關鍵字立面鋼木混合結構、結構互制、水平設計地震力、增量動力分析
摘要鋼木立面混合結構系統結合了鋼結構與木結構，其下部為鋼結構抗彎構架，上部則為木結構。本研究將鋼木立面混合結構系統簡化為一雙自由度模型進行參數分析，探討上下部結構系統之質量比以及第一模態頻率比對其結構互制效應之影響，並依照分析結果決定鋼木結構之設計地震力。本研究使用既有建築物耐震設計規範及解說中的靜力分析法，將鋼結構與木結構分開來單獨設計，其中上部木結構之水平設計地震力透過地震力調整係數進行調整，並藉此調整後之設計地震力進行木結構的設計。同樣地，在計算下部鋼結構之設計地震力時，考慮由上部木結構傳遞之基底剪力進行調整，以調整後之水平設計地震力進行鋼結構之設計。本研究首先使用商用結構分析軟體ETABS 進行鋼木混合結構之斷面設計，以滿足國內耐震設計之要求。完成結構設計後使用開源結構分析軟體OpenSees，建立設計完成的鋼木混合結構數值模型，使用FEMA P695 所建議的遠域地震集進行增量動力分析，考慮四種不同高度的立面鋼木混合結構，定義出鋼木混合結構模型之極限狀態。分析結果顯示，本研究所提出之立面鋼木混合結構系統設計方法，可滿足FEMA P695 中倒塌裕度之需求。
TitleA Simplified Seismic Design Method for Steel-Timber Hybrid Buildings Considering Shear Force Modification
AuthorKai-Jun Huang, Pei-Ching Chen
Keywordssteel-timber hybrid building, structural dynamic interaction, design seismic force, incremental dynamic analysis
AbstractA steel-timber hybrid building consists of a conventional steel moment-resisting frame in its lower section, while the upper part is constructed with timber. In this study, a simplified method for structural design of steel-timber hybrid buildings has been proposed. It incorporates the dynamic interaction between the superstructure and the substructure into the existing Seismic Design Specifications and Commentary of Buildings in Taiwan. First a steel-timber hybrid building is simplified into a two degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) linear model. Parameter analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of the mass ratio and the frequency ratio of the superstructure to the substructure on the dynamic response of the 2DOF model. Accordingly, a seismic force modification factor can be defined, and the design seismic force for the upper timber structure can be calculated directly by using this modification factor. Meanwhile, the design seismic force for the lower steel structure can be determined individually by considering the base shear of the upper timber structure transmitted to the top of the lower steel structure. Four steel-timber hybrid buildings with different elevation have been designed based on the proposed method. OpenSees is used to build the nonlinear numerical model of the steel-timber hybrid buildings to perform nonlinear pushover analysis and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). A total number of 44 earthquakes recommended in FEMA P695 are used for IDA. Based on FEMA P695 and relevant literature recommendations, the limit states of the steel-timber hybrid buildings can be assessed. The IDA results indicate that the Collapse Margin Ratios suggested in FEMA P695 is satisfied which demonstrates the applicability of the proposed simplified design method for design of steeltimber hybrid buildings in Taiwan.
標題經驗與統計格林函數法在地震動模擬上之應用與GUI 程式開發
作者廖文義、陳垣廷
關鍵字經驗格林函數法、統計格林函數法、MATLAB、強地動模擬
摘要本研究利用經驗格林函數法 (empirical Green’s function method) 為主軸進行地震動模擬圖形使用者介面 (graphical user interface, GUI) 程式開發，其主要理論是利用已觀測到之小震加速度歷時進行疊加，以模擬同震源區發生大震時所產生之強震歷時，此方法可有效模擬大震之加速度歷時，另外為了解決經驗格林函數法無法對無小震紀錄之工址進行強地動模擬的問題，本研究則提出統計格林函數法 (statistical Green’s function method) 來模擬該工址之強地動加速度歷時，其主要理論是利用周邊測站所記錄到的小震加速度歷時，統計其地表加速度振幅譜、相位譜與震源距之關係，之後透過計算出之結果，將欲模擬點之震源距代入統計結果即可計算該工址之振幅譜與相位譜，接著將振幅譜與相位譜透過傅立葉逆轉換即可得該工址之小震加速度歷時，最後再將此小震加速度歷時代入經驗格林函數法中代替真實小震紀錄以模擬該工址之強地動，另外開發之GUI 程式中還包含了反應譜相符加速度歷時產生、因應特殊強地動效應調整譜型之用介面之功能。
TitleApplication and GUI Program Development of Empirical and Statistical Green’s Function Method in Earthquake Motion Simulation
AuthorWen-I Liao, Yuan-Ting Chen
Keywordsempirical Green’s function method, statistical Green’s function method, MATLAB, strong ground motion simulation
AbstractThis study primarily utilizes the empirical Green’s function method for seismic motion simulation graphical user interface (GUI) program development. The main theoretical concept involves the superposition of observed small earthquake event acceleration time histories to simulate the strong earthquake time history that occurs at the same site during a large earthquake. This method can effectively simulate acceleration time history of large earthquakes. To address the issue of the empirical Green’s function method being unable to simulate strong ground motion for locations without records of small earthquake events, this study proposes the statistical Green’s function method to simulate the strong ground motion acceleration time history at such sites. The main theory behind this approach is to use the recorded acceleration time histories of small earthquakes from surrounding monitoring stations to statistically analyze the relationship between ground acceleration amplitude spectra, phase spectra, and source-toreceiver distance. Subsequently, by calculating the results, the source-to-receiver distance for the desired simulation site can be used to calculate the amplitude spectra and phase spectra at that site. Then, by performing a Fourier inverse transform on the amplitude spectra and phase spectra, the acceleration time history of small earthquakes at that site can be obtained. Finally, this small earthquake event acceleration time history is used in place of actual small earthquake records in the empirical Green’s function method to simulate the strong ground motion at that site. Additionally, the developed GUI interface program includes functions for generating response spectrum-compatible acceleration time histories and amplifying acceleration time histories at specified period range.

第三十九卷第一期 (期別151) (113年)

作者:

第三十九卷第一期 (期別151) (113年)

第十六屆結構工程暨第六屆地震工程研討會特刊

客座主編：邱建國教授、陳沛清教授

標題「第十六屆結構工程暨第六屆地震工程研討會」特刊引言
作者邱建國、陳沛清
 

第十六屆結構工程研討會暨第六屆地震工程研討會於民國111 年8 月24 日至26 日在淡水將捷金鬱金香酒店成功舉辦，吸引了來自國內學術與工程領域的508 位專家學者參與，共同探討並分享國內結構工程與地震工程最新的研究成果和工程見解。時光匆匆，一年多的時光已逝，回顧起第十六屆結構工程研討會暨第六屆地震工程研討會，每位與會者都對大會做出了難以磨滅的貢獻。然而，由於審查委員推薦論文的限制，難免有一些優秀的研究未能被收錄，這是一件令人感到遺憾的事情。

本期結構工程期刊特別收錄了該研討會中最新的隔減震技術、深度學習與實驗技術應用相關研究成果，包括以下五篇論文：〈多功式隔震系統之性能測試與驗證〉、〈結合相空間吸引子與深度學習於橋梁沖刷深度預測之應用〉、〈基於鉛心橡膠支承基底隔震建築之高寬比探討〉、〈複合實驗於鋼筋混凝土結構耐震補強試驗之應用〉以及〈新型隔減震技術：共振筒形地震超材料〉。希冀藉由這些篇章的介紹，讓讀者能夠深入瞭解學界在隔減震技術、深度學習與實驗技術應用方面的最新研究成果和發展趨勢，進一步促進台灣在結構工程與地震工程領域的技術發展，不斷追求創新與進步。

                                國立台灣科技大學營建工程系　邱建國　教授　　　　 　
                                                                          陳沛清　副教授　　謹誌
                                                                     結構工程期刊　特刊客座主編
                                                                                           2024 年2 月

標題多功式隔震系統之性能測試與驗證
作者張簡嘉賞、陳珊汝、郭美廷
關鍵字性能測試、錐形摩擦單擺支承、多功式摩擦阻尼器、隔震系統、振動台試驗
摘要近年來地震災害逐漸受到全球重視，因地震的不可預測性，故每當強烈地震來臨時往往造成人民生命財產的損失，嚴重則會影響國家整體經濟發展。錐形摩擦單擺支承 (conical friction pendulum isolators, CFPI) 為具延長結構週期特性之隔震系統，可改善近域震波長週期速度脈衝與固定週期隔震結構產生之共振效應。然研究指出CFPI 對於降低上部結構加速度雖具有相當優異之隔震成效，惟其基礎滑動位移量會隨尖峰地表加速度而呈放大之現象。多功式摩擦阻尼器 (multi-functional friction damper, MFD) 具備不同階段之啟動機制，經研究證實，於結構中配置MFD 時，於不同地震強度之作用下具備相當優異之減震效益。故本研究嘗試於基礎隔震層中加入MFD，組成多功式增補阻尼隔震系統，以提升隔震系統於受近域震波作用下安全性。經數值模擬結果顯示，具多功式增補阻尼之隔震系統不論受近、遠域震波作用下，均具有相當優異之隔震效果。此外，為驗證理論方程式之證確性，本研究亦經由振動台試驗，進行含多功式增補阻尼隔震系統之隔震性能測試，並利用振動台測試所得之試驗數據與數值模擬分析之結果進行擬合，其結果顯示，數值模擬分析與振動台試驗具有不錯的擬合程度，亦驗證本研究所提出之理論公式的正確性。
TitleAnalysis and Validation of Isolation Systems With Multi-Functional Friction Damper
AuthorChia-Shang Chang Chien, Shan-Ru Chen, Mei-Ting Guo
Keywordsperformance test, conical friction pendulum isolators, multi-functional friction damper, seismic isolation system, shaking table test
AbstractIn recent years, earthquake disasters have gradually attracted global attention. Due to the unpredictability of earthquakes, whenever strong earthquakes occur, they often cause losses of people’s lives and property. In serious cases, they even affect the overall economic development of the country. The conical friction pendulum isolators (CFPI) is a seismic isolation system with the characteristic of extended structural period, which can improve the resonance effect produced by long-period velocity pulses of near-field seismic waves and fixed-period seismic isolation structures. Nevertheless, although the CFPI has an excellent seismic isolation effect in reducing acceleration of the superstructure, its base sliding displacement will amplify with the peak surface acceleration. The multi-functional friction dampers provide multi-stage activation mechanisms, and studies have shown that they have great shock absorption effects under different earthquake intensities when configured to structures. Therefore, the study in turn installed them in seismic base isolation layers to form a supplementary damping isolation system, improving the safety of the seismic isolator system under the effect of near-field seismic waves. According to the results of numerical simulation, the seismic isolation system with supplementary damping isolation has satisfactory vibration isolation effects regardless of affected by far- or near-field seismic waves. Additionally, to verify the theoretical formulas, the study also conducted the seismic performance test of the multifunctional supplementary damping system by shaking table and fit the results of the shaking table test and numerical simulation analysis. The results showed a fairly good fitting effect, which validates the accuracy of the theoretical formulas in this study.
標題結合相空間吸引子與深度學習於橋梁沖刷深度預測之應用
作者李昶毅、陳祖翊、楊晏瑜、張書瑋、黃仲偉
關鍵字橋梁沖刷、深度學習、嵌入定理、卷積神經網絡
摘要跨河橋梁經常遭遇基礎沖刷的問題，沖刷可能導致橋梁基礎勁度和強度的顯著降低，從而造成橋梁損壞甚至倒塌。為確保橋梁的安全，開發即時沖刷監測系統來量測橋梁的沖刷深度對於橋梁安全的維護非常重要。本研究提出了一種資料驅動(data-driven) 的深度學習 (deep learning, DL) 方法，透過加速度計歷時訊號的特性來量測沖刷深度。本法主要是利用相空間中吸引子的概念來描述沖刷橋梁的動態特性，基於Takens 嵌入定理將單顆加速度計的歷時訊號來重構沖刷橋梁的高維吸引子。其次，將重建的高維吸引子轉換為二維灰階影像，利用卷積神經網絡 (convolutional neural network, CNN) 識別以獲得沖刷深度。本研究利用數值模擬中不同沖刷深度的橋梁在環境振動下的動力反應，來驗證本文所提方法的準確性。測試結果同時也表明，本文所提出的DL 方法可以比傳統基於振動頻率改變量迴歸公式的方法更準確
地預測沖刷深度。
TitleBridge Scour Depth Prediction Using Phase Space Attractor and Deep Learning
AuthorChang-Yi Lee, Zu-yi Chen, Yen-Yu Yang, Shu-Wei Chang, Chang-Wei Huang
Keywordsbridge scouring, deep learning, embedding theorem, convolutional neural network
AbstractCross-river bridges often suffer attacks of the foundation scour. Scour can significantly reduce the stiffness and strength of a bridge foundation, resulting in damage or even collapse of the bridge. To ensure the safety of a soured bridge, it is important to develop a real-time scour monitoring system to measure the scour depth of the bridge. In this study, a data-driven method is proposed to measure the scour depth using time series data from accelerometers. The concept of attractor in the phase space is used to describe the dynamic characteristics of scoured bridges. High-dimensional attractors for scoured bridges are reconstructed by a single sensor based on Takens’ embedding theorem. The reconstructed attractors are converted into two-dimensional grayscale images, which are then identified by the convolutional neural network (CNN) to obtain the scour depth. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by the dynamic responses of bridges with different scour depths subjected to ambient vibrations from numerical simulations. The results demonstrate that the proposed data-driven method can determine the scour depth more accurately than conventional vibration-based methods in the case when the scour is not severe.
標題基於鉛心橡膠支承基底隔震建築之高寬比探討
作者巫宜謙、張家銘、楊卓諺
關鍵字基底隔震、彈性支承、穩定性、高寬比、非線性歷時分析
摘要隔震結構乃利用低側向勁度之隔震支承，延長結構的第一自然週期，使該週期遠離地震之主要頻率內涵，進而降低上部結構之加速度反應。然而，如果上部結構的高寬比過高，會引致較大的傾覆彎矩，進而對隔震支承產生軸拉力，造成支承破壞。再者，對於國內常見的彈性支承而言，因橡膠材料並與鋼板積層堆疊黏著，其力學更加複雜且具備耦合之特性，需考慮支承甚或整體隔震結構之穩定性。然而，
傳統隔震設計所採用之分析模型，往往未能忠實呈現軸拉力及傾覆彎矩。因此，本研究針對採用彈性支承之建築結構，根據理論、推導及分析，系統性探討支承的穩定性及破壞。於模型中，將整體隔震結構簡化為兩集中質量，上部結構採單自由度模擬，隔震系統含兩個隔震支承並以一剛性樓板與上部結構相連；彈性支承採Koh-Kelly 模型，以呈現剪切、撓曲與軸向複合作用，進而推導運動方程。於推導中，
彈性支承以不受拉力為目標，可得簡化之隔震結構建議高寬比，加上前述理論模型，以非線性歷時分析進行探討與驗證。理論分析中，考慮多項因素，包含上部結構週期、隔震週期、斷層考量與支承數量，以便驗證高寬比建議式之適用性。模擬結果顯示，本文所提之高寬比建議式，相對日本規範之建議，較為保守；然以本文之範例而言，確實呈現無或甚低之機率於支承發生拉拔。因此，本文之建議高寬比，可供工程師在進行初設時，先期掌握或估算隔震結構之極限高寬比，以判斷支承在地震時有無受軸拉力破壞之疑慮，增進結構設計之效率。
TitleStudy of Aspect Ratios for Base Isolated Buildings With Lead-Rubber Bearings
AuthorYi-Chian Wu, Chia-Ming Chang, Cho-Yen Yang
Keywords

base isolation, elastomeric bearing, stability, aspect ratios, nonlinear time history analysis

AbstractSeismic isolation shifts the fundamental frequency of structures away from the dominant frequencies of earthquakes by employing bearings with low horizontal stiffness, resulting in reduced responses of superstructures. However, an isolated building with a higher aspect ratio may introduce excessive overturning moments that can further cause tensile failure to bearings. Moreover, the elastomeric bearings, which are familiar and common in Taiwan, consist of laminated rubber layers with in-between steel shims, yielding complicated and coupled mechanics. Thus, the stability of the isolation bearings and the overall structural system should be concurrently considered. Such complicated behavior for an isolated building with elastomeric bearings as mentioned above may not be simulated or presented by conventional analysis in practical application. Therefore, this research studies the coupling effect for base isolated buildings with lead-rubber bearings, and then the relationship between aspect ratios and selected isolation bearings is constructed. In this research, the superstructure is simplified to be single-degreeof-freedom and mounted on an isolation system consisting of a rigid floor and two bearings. Each bearing is modeled by a simple mechanical model proposed by Koh and Kelly to consider the coupling effect. Based on the tension prevention of bearings, an aspect ratio criterion is also
derived and proposed. This aspect ratio criterion is further verified by time history analyses which consider various factors, such as the period of superstructure, isolation period, fault effect, and layout of bearings. As found in the parametric study, an isolated building designed by the proposed aspect ratio formula has a pretty low probability of tensile failures on bearings, as compared to the recommendation in the Japanese design code. Thus, the proposed aspect ratio criterion is more conservative and can be consequently a reference for engineers in the preliminary design phases of base isolated buildings with lead-rubber bearings.
標題複合實驗於鋼筋混凝土結構耐震補強試驗之應用
作者蕭輔沛、盧煉元、鄭弘、許博策、葉士瑋
關鍵字複合實驗、鋼筋混凝土結構、耐震補強實驗、開放式實驗架構、OpenSees、OpenFresco
摘要若欲瞭解鋼筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete, RC) 結構物受地震力時之反應，最接近真實行為之實驗方法為振動台實驗。然而，RC 結構振動台實驗之試體模型需花費高昂的成本建立，且振動台設備能力有限，難以進行大尺度之結構實驗。有鑑於此，本文擬發展結合數值運算與大型結構實驗之複合實驗 (hybrid testing) 技術，以便以較為經濟的方式完整測試大尺度RC 結構於強震下之非線性反應。為使研究成果具廣泛之應用性，本文採用具開放性之複合實驗技術架構，亦即於建立RC 非線性數值子結構時採用OpenSees (Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation) 開放式有限元素分析軟體；而於RC 構架物理子結構及實驗設備控制連接方面則採用OpenFresco (Open source Framework for Experimental Setup and Control) 開放式中介軟體，以連接國家地震工程研究中心台南實驗室之油壓致動設備。本文複合實驗之標的結構為一棟七層樓RC 補強結構，物理子結構為一樓中間跨經內嵌式門型構架補強後之RC 構架，其餘結構構件則以OpenSees 建立含塑鉸之非線性數值子結構模型。實驗結果顯示，本文所建立之非線性複合實驗方法所預估之RC 結構地震反應與有限元理論分析結果十分吻合，各樓層層間變位角之最大平均差異皆在5% 以內，並確認數值子結構中之塑鉸於強震中已啟動參與計算，由此驗證開放式複合實驗以非線性數值子結構進行模擬之可行性，同時配合國家地震工程研究中心台南實驗室既有之油壓控制設備可成功的進行大型RC 結構複合實驗。
TitleApplication of Hybrid Testing in a RC Structure With Seismic Retrofitting
AuthorFu-Pei Hsiao, Lyan-Ywan Lu, Hung Cheng, Bo-Tse Hsu, Shih-Wei Yeh
Keywordshybrid testing, RC structure, seismic retrofitting, open framework, OpenSees, OpenFresco
AbstractThe most realistic experimental method for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures under ground motion is a shaking table test (STT). However, the construction of RC shaking table test specimens is costly, and the shaking table equipment usually has limited
capabilities; therefore, conducting a large-scale structure test using a STT is difficult. To this end, this paper aims to develop a cost-effective hybrid testing (HT) technique that combines numerical simulation with large-scale structural experiments to test the nonlinear response of large-scale RC structures under strong ground motions. To make the result more applicable, this paper adopts the framework of an open-source hybrid testing technology. The technique used the OpenSees (Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation) as an open-source finite-element analysis software to build the RC nonlinear numerical substructure (NS) and the OpenFresco (Open source Framework for Experimental Setup and Control) as an open-source middle software to connect the physical substructure (PS) and a controller, which was connected to the hydraulic facility in Tainan Laboratory of the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE). In the HT of this study, the target structure was a seven-story RC structure. The PS was taken to be the first-floor middle span retrofitted by an embedded RC portal frame, while the remaining structure, treated as the NS, was simulated by an OpenSees nonlinear numerical model with plastic hinges. The HT result demonstrates that the seismic responses of the retrofitted RC structure predicted by the HT experimental result match very well with the theoretical values predicted by a nonlinear finite-element model. The average difference between the experimental
and theoretical first-floor displacements is merely 5%. The nonlinear behavior contributed by the plastic hinge was also observed in the test. This study confirms that by cooperating with the existing hydraulic facility in Tainan Laboratory of the NCREE, the established open-framework HT technique with a nonlinear numerical substructure is a feasible means for the experimental study of a large-scale RC structure.
標題新型隔減震技術：共振筒形地震超材料
作者羅元佑、吳東諭、汪向榮
關鍵字地震超材料、有限元素法、局部共振、帶隙
摘要地震超材料 (seismic metamaterial) 為全新之抗震技術，透過人造結構改變波傳行為，產生特定頻率之波傳無法通過的區域，防止具高破壞性頻率的地震波傳至結構物，達到保護結構物效果。目前地震超材料面臨兩大困難：(1) 超材料帶隙頻率相較於地震主頻過高；(2) 缺少針對體波的地震超材料。有鑑於此，本研究藉由 Kalderon 等人所提出的雙層質量共振筒公式，設計新型的低頻率 (0.35–1.5 Hz)、針對體波的地震超材料單元，並以數值模擬方法確認其折減效益。首先以單元晶格頻散分析確定帶隙範圍。同時進行排數分析及排序分析確認產生折減效果所需的超材料單元數及最佳排列方式，顯示所設計的超材料單元四個為一組，為最經濟之排列方式。此外，探討超材料外側土壤厚度對折減效益的影響，並接續透過地盤反應分析，確認超材料在實際地震下對SH 波的折減效益容易受到側向土體量影響，但側向土體量對P 波下的折減效益則不顯著。最後，真實地震下反應分析顯示超材料單元在實際地震P 波與SH 波激發下，可折減超材料帶隙對應週期之結構物譜加速度至原本的一半，顯示目前設計的共振筒型超材料具備發展潛力。
TitleNew Seismic Attenuation Technology: Resonator-Type Metamaterial
AuthorYuan-Yu Lo, Tung-Yu Wu, Shiang-Jung Wang
Keywordsseismic metamaterial, finite element analysis, local resonance, bandgap
AbstractSeismic metamaterials represent a novel earthquake-resistance technology. By manipulating wave propagation through artificial structures, they create regions where waves of specific frequencies cannot pass, preventing seismic waves of primary frequencies from reaching structures. Currently, seismic metamaterials face two major challenges: (1) the band gap frequency of the metamaterial is relatively higher than the primary frequency of earthquakes, and (2) there is a lack of metamaterials specifically designed for body waves. In light of this, our study designs a new low-frequency (0.35–1.5 Hz) seismic metamaterial unit targeting body waves based on duallayer tube-type resonators. Row and ordering analyses were conducted to determine the optimal arrangement of metamaterial units for reduction effects. The influence of the soil layer outside the metamaterial on its reduction effect was also investigated. Simulation results show that a group of four consecutive metamaterial units is the most economical arrangement, and the reduction effect of the metamaterial on SH waves was sensitive to the thickness of the soil layer. A subsequent ground response analysis demonstrated that when excited by actual seismic waves, the designed metamaterial units can reduce the spectral acceleration at the corresponding metamaterial band gap period to half, indicating the promising potential of the dual-layer tube-type resonators.