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第三十卷第三期 (期別119) (104年)

作者:

第三十卷第三期 (期別119) (104年)

標題考慮構件剪力跨深比影響之高強度鋼筋混凝土梁剪力裂縫控制
作者邱建國、林芳慶、陳少謙、紀凱甯
關鍵字高強度鋼筋混凝土、剪力強度、裂縫寬度、剪力跨深比、使用性、修復性
摘要本研究共進行十組四點荷重之簡支梁試驗，其中兩組斷面尺寸為400mm(寬)×700 mm(深)，試體長度為6600mm，其餘八組試體斷面尺寸為350mm(寬)×500 mm(深)，試體長度為4600mm 及2600mm 各四組，依剪力跨深比分為3.33、3.25、2.75、2.0 和1.75 五種，皆使用SD685 之主筋(6 根)搭配SD785 之箍筋(箍筋間距300mm)，拉力筋比為2.04%及3.5%，箍筋比為0.21%及0.24%，混凝土強度為70-100MPa。上述試體規劃主要以剪力跨深比為參數，針對高強度鋼筋混凝土梁於剪力破壞下之剪力裂縫發展行為，除探討國外規範建議公式之適用性外，將依剪力裂縫角度、裂縫寬度(最大值與殘留值)及構件變形角之量化關係，建立梁構件剪力變形角之評估公式，且由混凝土剪力開裂應力、混凝土極限剪應力及構件斷面平均剪應力採線性迴歸之方法，建議各構件性能點之混凝土容許剪應力及箍筋容許應力，並建立高強度鋼筋混凝土梁構件使用性能確保及修復性能確保下，各構件性能點之容許剪應力計算公式。
TitleShear Crack Control for High-strength Reinforced Concrete Beams Considering the Shear-span to Depth Ratio of Member
AuthorChien-Kuo Chiu, Fang-Cing Lin, Shao-Cian Chen, Kai-Ning Chi
Keywordshigh-strength reinforced concrete, shear crack, span-depth ratio, serviceability, reparability
AbstractThis work tests ten full-size simple-supported beam specimens with the high-strength reinforcing steel bars (SD685 and SD785) using the four-point loading. The measured compressive strength of the concrete is in the range of 70-100 MPa. The main variable considered in the study is the shear-span to depth ratio. Base on the experimental date that include maximum shear crack width, residual shear crack width, angle of the main crack and shear drift ratio, a simplified equation are proposed to predict the shear deformation of the HSRC beam member. Besides of the post-earthquake damage assessment, these results can also be used to build the performance-based design for HSRC structures. And using the allowable shear stress at the peak maximum shear crack width of 0.4 mm and 1.0 mm to suggest the design formulas that can ensure serviceability (long-term loading) and reparability (short-term loading) for shear-critical high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beam members.
標題輕質粒料鋼筋混凝土版力學行為之研究
作者干裕成、顏聰、黃中和、林瑞陞
關鍵字輕質粒料、鋼筋混凝土版、撓曲、剪力
摘要本文主要在研究鋼筋輕質混凝土簡支版承受集中載重下之行為模式，並與普通鋼筋混凝土版進行比較，去探討混凝土版構件在不同變數下之力學行為。本研究共製作32 塊版構件，其變數有強度、配筋模式、版厚度等，主要在探討輕質混凝土版之承載力、延展性及破壞能等性質。研究結果顯示，雖然多數混凝土版構件之破壞模式未合乎降伏線理論之預期，且多呈現貫穿破壞情形，但版實際之極限承載力試驗值卻頗接近於理論分析值。另外，比較相同鋼筋量配置的混凝土版構件，鋼筋間距95mm 單層筋版之承載力皆高於鋼筋間距為190-190mm 雙層筋版，但後者所需之破壞能則較大且韌性較佳。
TitleA Study of Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Slab
AuthorYu-Cheng Kan, Ruey-Sheng Lin, Tsong Yen, Chung-Ho Hwang
KeywordsLightweight aggregate, RC slab, flexural, shearing
AbstractThe mechanical behavior of simply-supported reinforced lightweight concrete slab under a concentrated load is investigated herein. The test results were also compared to those obtained from normal concrete slabs. Totally 32 slabs in various strengths, thicknesses and rebar arrangements were fabricated and tested. The ultimate load, ductility and failure pattern were examined in each load test. The test results showed that the ultimate load of the slabs turned out very close to those calculated based on yield line theory. For the slab with the same amount of reinforcement, the slab including singly-reinforcement in 95 mm spacing performs higher load capacity than those including double- reinforced rebar with 190 mm spacing, but the latter needs more fracture energy and performs more ductile.
標題直接彎矩平衡之極限基底剪力
作者范揚志、鍾立來、楊卓諺、劉紹魁、洪維良、陳陸民
關鍵字極限基底剪力、耐震評估、塑性彎矩
摘要建築技術規則明訂高樓結構需要檢核極限基底剪力，乃確保每樓層都有一定程度的抗剪能力，且沒有劇烈之勁度變化。針對現行之規範，其並未明確訂定極限基底剪力之計算方式。本文提出直接彎矩平衡法，嘗試取出結構體中之一柱線為自由體，以直接彎矩平衡求得該柱線之極限基底剪力，對其餘各柱線以同樣方式計算並加總後，便可以求得整體結構之極限基底剪力，並與業界常見之勁度分配法與彈塑性比例法做比較並採用案例作分析。由分析結果驗證直接彎矩平衡法之可行性，對於現代建物，其有強柱弱梁之特性，因此工程師得以使用直接彎矩平衡法來分析其極限基底剪力。
TitleUltimate Base Shear by Direct Moment Equilibrium
AuthorYang-Chih Fan, Lap-Loi Chung, Cho-Yen Yang, Shao-KueiLiu, Wei-Liang Hung , Lu-Min Chen
Keywordsultimate base shear, seismic evaluation, plastic moment
AbstractThe verification of ultimate story shear is asked by building code to ensure the shear strength is sufficient and no significant variation of stiffness for each story. However, there is no exact definition about calculation of ultimate story shear from the current building code. In this paper, a new method named direct moment equilibrium method is proposed. The ultimate shear is determined by directly taking moment equilibrium for each column. The ultimate story shear is obtained by taking summation of ultimate shear from each column. The proposed direct moment equilibrium method is also compared with two other methods which are familiar in practical application. Finally, the complexity of calculation and feasibility of the direct moment equilibrium method are verified.
標題鋼板補強結構鋼板黏結狀況非破壞檢測最新發展及案例
作者鄭家齊、許耿蒼、黃啟倫、林宗志、潘彥廷
關鍵字混凝土、鋼板補強、非破壞檢測、應力波、板波、敲擊回音
摘要台灣公共工程以鋼板補強之結構眾多，部份結構修補已超過二十年，例如台北捷運文湖線高架軌道的墩柱，統計全線有兩百多根樑柱出現帽樑裂縫即是以鋼板包覆補強，在歷經二十年之長期營運震動環境及地震作用下，鋼板與混凝土間結合狀況不得而知。本篇介紹兩種以應力波檢測鋼板黏結狀況的方法，分別是敲擊回音法的正規化頻譜法，以及板波頻散曲線檢測法，並將此兩法應用於實際鋼板補強樓板案例，經由鑽心驗證成功證明兩種方法均能有效檢測鋼板與混凝土間黏結狀況。板波檢測的優點是可快速的由可感測時間原點敲擊源的單次敲擊，評估敲擊及接受器間測線40公分長度下方的介面黏結狀況，因此可由板波檢測法快速篩選鋼板補強結構有介面黏結問題的區域，再以敲擊回音正規化分析對問題區域做細部的檢測，達到快速且精確評估鋼板剝離的範圍的目的。
TitleThe latest development of using non-destructive test method for detecting the bonding condition of steel plate reinforced structure with field study
AuthorChia-Chi Cheng, Keng-Tsang Hsu, Chi-Luen Huang, Tsung-Chi Lin, Yeng-Ting Pan
Keywordsconcrete, steel plate reinforcement, non-destructive test, stress wave, impact-echo, Lamb wave
AbstractIn Taiwan, many infrastructural facilitiesuse steel plate to reinforce the structural member. Some of the repaired structures has been operated for 20 years. For example, cracks were found on the pier capping beams of more than 200 viaducts alone the Taipei MRT Wenhu lineduring construction and were repaired by covering the steel jacket. Experiencing long-term operational vibrations and earthquakes events for 20 years, the bonding condition between the steel plate and concrete isleft unknown. In this article, twomethods based on stress wave propagation for assessing the bonding condition between the steel plate and concrete were introduced – impact-echo normalized spectrum and the dispersion curve of the fundamental Lamb wave mode of steel plate. The validation of the two methods in field study is realized by applying tests on the steel plate reinforced floor of a food factory. The areas lack of epoxy fillings between the steel plate and concrete were identified using both methods andthe bonding conditions are confirmed by core drilling. The Lamb wave method, which is able to assess the bonding condition under the 400 mm test line, can be served as the tool for quick assessment while the impact-echo tests can be applied on the questionable area for detail identification of the poor-bond area.
標題考量位能效應之可變勁度隔震系統研發與應用
作者陳啟仁、林子剛、盧煉元
關鍵字勁度可變、隔震系統、槓桿式勁度可控隔震系統、結構控制、半主動控制、最佳動位能比例法
摘要台灣地處環太平洋地震帶，在集集大地震過後隔減震研究更受到重視。傳統隔震系統面臨近域地震時，會造成隔震層位移有嚴重放大之問題。為解決此問題，本研究致力開發考量位能特性之智慧型半主動結構控制律。研究首先以過去發展之隔減震控制律為基礎，增加考慮位能特性及位能權重參數，使能量考量更為全面，以研發出更具效益之智慧型半主動控制律。在數值模擬與試驗部分，考慮整體結構為多自由度之情況，使得模型符合實際需求，進而提升本系統可靠度。研究已開發完成半主動控制理論，其成效與傳統控制律相比，本研究提出之控制律可有效降低隔震層位移，且加速度反應亦具有更為良好之成效。於高雄第一科技大學進行之振動台試驗顯示近域地震情況下隔震位移可降至原反應的71%，且各控制律理論模擬與實驗情形相符。
TitleDevelopment and Application of Vibration Isolation System with Adaptive Stiffness Considering Potential Energy
AuthorChi-Jen Chen, Tzu-Kang Lin, Lyan-Ywan Lu
KeywordsPotential energy, Semi-active control, near-fault earthquake, MEW
AbstractIn recent years, a study of semi-active isolation system named Leverage-type Stiffness Controllable Isolation System (LSCIS) was proposed. The main concept of the LSCIS is to adjust the stiffness in the isolator for the fundamental period of the superstructure by a simple leverage mechanism. Although great performance has been achieved with the support of an algorithm considering the least input energy in far-field earthquakes, some result still reveal that the proposed system is not suitable in application for near-fault strong ground motion. To overcome this problem, an upgraded algorithm is proposed by considering the potential energy effect in the semi-active structural control system in this study. Firstly, the new algorithm is developed with the combination of the potential energy (Ep) and the kinetic energy (Ep) as the control objective to reduce the structural displacement responses efficiently. The optimal weightings between the potential and kinetic energy are then determined through a series of near-fault earthquake simulation. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a two-degree-of-freedom structure is used as a benchmark in both numerical simulation and experimental verification. The results have shown that the dynamic response of the structure can be effectively alleviated by the proposed algorithm under both far-field and near-fault earthquakes, while the structural responses by the original algorithm may be worse than the pure passive control. The feasibility of implementing the proposed system has also been experimentally verified.

Vol.30/No.3 (119) (2015)

作者:

Vol.30/No.3 (119) (2015)

TitleShear Crack Control for High-strength Reinforced Concrete Beams Considering the Shear-span to Depth Ratio of Member
AuthorChien-Kuo Chiu, Fang-Cing Lin, Shao-Cian Chen, Kai-Ning Chi
Keywordshigh-strength reinforced concrete, shear crack, span-depth ratio, serviceability, reparability
AbstractThis work tests ten full-size simple-supported beam specimens with the high-strength reinforcing steel bars (SD685 and SD785) using the four-point loading. The measured compressive strength of the concrete is in the range of 70-100 MPa. The main variable considered in the study is the shear-span to depth ratio. Base on the experimental date that include maximum shear crack width, residual shear crack width, angle of the main crack and shear drift ratio, a simplified equation are proposed to predict the shear deformation of the HSRC beam member. Besides of the post-earthquake damage assessment, these results can also be used to build the performance-based design for HSRC structures. And using the allowable shear stress at the peak maximum shear crack width of 0.4 mm and 1.0 mm to suggest the design formulas that can ensure serviceability (long-term loading) and reparability (short-term loading) for shear-critical high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beam members.
TitleA Study of Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Slab
AuthorYu-Cheng Kan, Ruey-Sheng Lin, Tsong Yen, Chung-Ho Hwang
KeywordsLightweight aggregate, RC slab, flexural, shearing
AbstractThe mechanical behavior of simply-supported reinforced lightweight concrete slab under a concentrated load is investigated herein. The test results were also compared to those obtained from normal concrete slabs. Totally 32 slabs in various strengths, thicknesses and rebar arrangements were fabricated and tested. The ultimate load, ductility and failure pattern were examined in each load test. The test results showed that the ultimate load of the slabs turned out very close to those calculated based on yield line theory. For the slab with the same amount of reinforcement, the slab including singly-reinforcement in 95 mm spacing performs higher load capacity than those including double- reinforced rebar with 190 mm spacing, but the latter needs more fracture energy and performs more ductile.
TitleUltimate Base Shear by Direct Moment Equilibrium
AuthorYang-Chih Fan, Lap-Loi Chung, Cho-Yen Yang, Shao-KueiLiu, Wei-Liang Hung , Lu-Min Chen
Keywordsultimate base shear, seismic evaluation, plastic moment
AbstractThe verification of ultimate story shear is asked by building code to ensure the shear strength is sufficient and no significant variation of stiffness for each story. However, there is no exact definition about calculation of ultimate story shear from the current building code. In this paper, a new method named direct moment equilibrium method is proposed. The ultimate shear is determined by directly taking moment equilibrium for each column. The ultimate story shear is obtained by taking summation of ultimate shear from each column. The proposed direct moment equilibrium method is also compared with two other methods which are familiar in practical application. Finally, the complexity of calculation and feasibility of the direct moment equilibrium method are verified.
TitleThe latest development of using non-destructive test method for detecting the bonding condition of steel plate reinforced structure with field study
AuthorChia-Chi Cheng, Keng-Tsang Hsu, Chi-Luen Huang, Tsung-Chi Lin, Yeng-Ting Pan
Keywordsconcrete, steel plate reinforcement, non-destructive test, stress wave, impact-echo, Lamb wave
AbstractIn Taiwan, many infrastructural facilitiesuse steel plate to reinforce the structural member. Some of the repaired structures has been operated for 20 years. For example, cracks were found on the pier capping beams of more than 200 viaducts alone the Taipei MRT Wenhu lineduring construction and were repaired by covering the steel jacket. Experiencing long-term operational vibrations and earthquakes events for 20 years, the bonding condition between the steel plate and concrete isleft unknown. In this article, twomethods based on stress wave propagation for assessing the bonding condition between the steel plate and concrete were introduced – impact-echo normalized spectrum and the dispersion curve of the fundamental Lamb wave mode of steel plate. The validation of the two methods in field study is realized by applying tests on the steel plate reinforced floor of a food factory. The areas lack of epoxy fillings between the steel plate and concrete were identified using both methods andthe bonding conditions are confirmed by core drilling. The Lamb wave method, which is able to assess the bonding condition under the 400 mm test line, can be served as the tool for quick assessment while the impact-echo tests can be applied on the questionable area for detail identification of the poor-bond area.
TitleDevelopment and Application of Vibration Isolation System with Adaptive Stiffness Considering Potential Energy
AuthorChi-Jen Chen, Tzu-Kang Lin, Lyan-Ywan Lu
KeywordsPotential energy, Semi-active control, near-fault earthquake, MEW
AbstractIn recent years, a study of semi-active isolation system named Leverage-type Stiffness Controllable Isolation System (LSCIS) was proposed. The main concept of the LSCIS is to adjust the stiffness in the isolator for the fundamental period of the superstructure by a simple leverage mechanism. Although great performance has been achieved with the support of an algorithm considering the least input energy in far-field earthquakes, some result still reveal that the proposed system is not suitable in application for near-fault strong ground motion. To overcome this problem, an upgraded algorithm is proposed by considering the potential energy effect in the semi-active structural control system in this study. Firstly, the new algorithm is developed with the combination of the potential energy (Ep) and the kinetic energy (Ep) as the control objective to reduce the structural displacement responses efficiently. The optimal weightings between the potential and kinetic energy are then determined through a series of near-fault earthquake simulation. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a two-degree-of-freedom structure is used as a benchmark in both numerical simulation and experimental verification. The results have shown that the dynamic response of the structure can be effectively alleviated by the proposed algorithm under both far-field and near-fault earthquakes, while the structural responses by the original algorithm may be worse than the pure passive control. The feasibility of implementing the proposed system has also been experimentally verified.

第三十卷第二期 (期別118) (104年)

作者:

第三十卷第二期 (期別118) (104年)

標題斜張橋懸臂施工過程之結構分析與探討
作者宋裕祺、王俊穎、張英發
關鍵字人工智慧、最佳化分析、施工階段分析
摘要長跨徑斜張橋在建造時常須採行懸臂施工方式，施工過程中橋梁結構型態、邊界條件及其受力狀況會隨施工階段之更迭而變化，為能確保閉合階段斜張橋之結構行為接近全橋設計的成果，懸臂施工過程之結構分析實屬重要。為此，本研究結合遺傳演算法(GA)與粒子群演算法(PSO)，建立自動求解之最佳化正裝分析流程，並以社子大橋為案例進行分析與探討，結果顯示本文所提方法可得到各施工階段合理的鋼索預力值與結構狀態，供為擬訂施工規劃之參考。
TitleStudy on Structural Analysis of Cantilever Erection Process for Cable-Stayed Bridges
AuthorYu-Chi Sung, Chun-Ying Wang, Eng-Hwa Teo
KeywordsArtificial intelligence, Optimization analysis, Construction stage analysis
AbstractCantilever erection method is popularly used in construction of long span cable-stayed bridges. The structural configuration, boundary condition and construction loading are changed sequentially during erection process. In order to make the eventual structural performance at final erection stage consistent to the design of complete bridge, structural analysis of erection process is indeed important. This study used hybrid GA to develop an automatic analysis for cantilever erection process of the cable-stayed bridges. The case study was performed and the analytical results were discussed. The results obtained show the method developed can deal with the optimum construction planning of cable-stayed bridges using cantilever erection.
標題鋼骨箱型柱與內橫隔板T形電熱熔渣銲道接合品質研究
作者林兗強、莊勝智、李昭賢、林志翰
關鍵字鋼骨箱型柱、電熱熔渣銲、橫隔板、超音波檢測、熱影響區、沙丕凹槽韌性、硬度
摘要電熱熔渣銲(Electro-slag Welds，ESW)為鋼骨箱型柱製作柱內橫隔板最有效率的銲接方法之一，因此台灣鋼骨建築結構之箱型柱構件，廣泛使用ESW 做為柱內橫隔板與柱板接合之銲接方法。過去有關實尺寸鋼骨箱型柱之梁柱接合，對應柱內橫隔板與柱板採 ESW 銲接之接合者，經統計約超過25%之柱板與柱內橫隔板間 ESW 銲道接合，發生非預期性的脆性破壞，造成其梁柱接合在未充分發展非線性變形前即發生脆性斷裂。由破壞面之巨觀金相照片觀察發現，ESW 銲道偏移導致部分熔填不足，為造成此破壞的主要因素。本文針對箱型柱柱板與內橫隔板 ESW 銲接接合之力學特性、製作程序、與超音波檢測技術等進行研究，結果顯示，由於 ESW 銲接入熱量極高，導致熱量在不易消散之柱板側母材熱影響區(heat affected zone, HAZ) 發生顯著脆化現象，同時也發現，現行 ESW 銲道製作程序無法穩定地獲得預期的銲道品質，此可藉由適當的非破壞超音波試驗法，採用正確的檢驗程序與合理的檢測標準進行檢測， 得以經濟的方法獲得可確保的銲道品質。因此本文也提出一套完整且適用於鋼骨箱型柱中柱板與橫隔板 ESW 銲道接合的製作細節、超音波檢測程序與檢測標準，以排除箱型柱內柱板與橫隔板 ESW 銲道接合的製作偏移，而造成部分銲道熔透不足的現象發生， 以提升鋼骨箱型柱內橫隔板 ESW 銲道的製作品質，達到確保其梁柱接合能滿足規範要求之變形能力。
TitleQuality Assessments on T-Shape Electro-Slag Welds (ESWs) of Internal Diaphragm to Box-Column Plate
AuthorKer-Chun Lin, Sheng-Jhih Jhuang, Chao-Hsien Li, Chih-Han Lin
Keywordssteel box column, electro-slag welds (ESW), diaphragm, ultrasonic testing (UT), heat affected zone (HAZ), Charpy V-notch (CVN) toughness, hardness
AbstractThe welding procedure of electro-slag welds (ESW) is one of the most efficient welding methods for a T-shape joint of internal diaphragm to column plate of steel box column. Therefore, it is widely used to steel building structures in order to save making time of steel structure fabrication shop in Taiwan. Unfortunately, according to the past research results on beam-to-column connection with the box column, there was at least 25% fractured probability of ESWs joints, join internal diaphragm to column plate of the box column, to occur unacceptably premature brittle-fracture before its beam end’s plastic hinge not developing. Based on observation of macro metallurgical photos from the past studies, local inadequate melting due to welds bias is one of the most important factors to result in this failure mode. To prevent the ESW from fracture in the beam-to-column connection, this research focused on mechanical characteristics of ESW and near parts, fabrication procedure of the existing ESW in Taiwan and ultrasonic testing (UT) technology. The research results indicated that the ESW joint between internal diaphragm and column plate of the box column due to its high heat-input caused heat affected zone (HAZ) on base metal of the column plate brittle under its slow heat-dissipation from the column plate. In addition, the existing ESW technology can’t be effectively controlled and obtain stable quality of welds. However, the UT is a feasible and most economic nondestructive method to inspect the ESW welds. This research proposed an integral UT inspection technology include inspecting sensors, procedure and acceptable criteria. A fabricated detail also was advised in this paper to prevent the ESW from local inadequate melting. The proposed technologies of fabrication and inspection can not only effectively ensure the ESW quality but also significantly increase seismic performance of the steel beam-to-box column connections.
標題SERCB及NCREE軟體所決定RC梁柱構件剪力塑性鉸性質差異性之探討
作者高金盛、孫郁鈞、張靖
關鍵字梁柱構件、剪力、塑性鉸性質、耐震能力
摘要921 集集大地震之後，國內技師利用 SERCB 或 NCREE 軟體，積極展開低矮校舍結構之耐震能力評估及補強工作，至今十餘年，已累積相當豐富經驗。在國人對此二軟體充分熟悉之後，以及前文[1]在針對此二軟體所決定RC 梁柱構件彎矩塑性鉸性質差異性及其對 RC 建築結構耐震能力評估結果之影響進行深入探討後，本文繼續針對此二軟體所決定 RC 梁柱構件剪力塑性鉸性質差異性及其對 RC 建築結構耐震能力評估結果之影響，進行深入探討，藉以瞭解此二軟體是否有值得改善之處。
TitleInvestigation on the Differences between the Property of Shear Plastic Hinge of RC Beam and Column Members Determined by SERCB and NCREE Software
AuthorChin-Sheng Kao, Yu-Chun Sun, Jim Chang
KeywordsBeam and Column Members, Shear, Property of Plastic Hinge, Seismic Capability
AbstractSince the 921 Chi-chi earthquake, domestic technicians have used SERCB and NCREE software to actively assess and reinforce the seismic capacity of low-rise school structures for over ten years, and have accumulated a significant amount of experience. Now as domestic people have already fully understood these two sets of software and after the differences between the property of moment plastic hinge of RC beam and column members determined by these two sets of software have been investigated in the previous paper[1], this paper continues investigate the differences between the property of shear plastic hinge of RC beam and column members determined by these two sets of software as well as their impact on the assessment results of the seismic capacity of RC buildings structure in order to confirm whether there are areas of improvement for these two sets of software.
標題鋼筋混凝土含牆結構物非線性靜力分析之研究
作者陳信宏、蔡益超
關鍵字RC牆、等值柱、側向載重－側向位移反應、非線性靜力分析
摘要瞭解 RC 牆其側向載重－側向位移反應，乃是 RC 含牆結構物進行非線性靜力分析及評估其耐震能力的重要工作。本文說明如何適當地計算軸力－彎矩 作用下 RC 牆之彎矩－彎曲位移反應及使用修正壓力場理論(MCFT)與考量RC 牆高深比(Hin/Lw)之影響，計算軸力－剪力作用下 RC 牆之剪力－剪位移反應。經上述兩反應的結合，可以合理地決定 RC 牆於軸力－剪力－彎矩互制下之側向載重－側向位移反應。此外，本文於 SAP2000 或 ETABS 程式下， 建立一 6 層 RC 含牆及一 6 層開氣窗 RC 含牆構架，說明如何以等值柱模擬 RC 牆，並設置相關之塑鉸以進行非線性靜力分析，提供給工程師於應用上作為參考。
TitleA nonlinear static analysis study of a RC structure with walls
AuthorHsin-Hung Chen, I-Chau Tsai
KeywordsRC wall, equivalent column, lateral load-lateral displacement response, nonlinear static analysis
AbstractKnowing a lateral load-lateral displacement response of an RC wall is an important work of executing nonlinear static analysis and evaluating earthquake-resistant capacity of an RC structure with RC walls. This paper explains how to calculate the moment-bending displacement response of an RC wall under axial load and moment properly, and calculate the shear-shear displacement response of the RC wall under axial load and shear by using the modified compression-field theory (MCFT) with considering the effect of the height-depth ratio (Hin/Lw). By integrating the moment-bending displacement response and the shear-shear displacement response, the lateral load-lateral displacement response of the RC wall under axial load-moment-shear interaction can be decided reasonably. In addition, to provide an application illustration for engineers, this paper establishes a 6 floor RC structure with walls and a 6 floor RC structure with walls containing windows to explain how to use an equivalent column model to simulate an RC wall on SAP2000 or ETABS nonlinear static analysis.
標題以非線性靜力側推分析案例探討新建建物 耐震設計參數
作者周德光、葉勇凱
關鍵字 
摘要目前新建建物的設計係基於現行耐震設計規範，依據耐震需求與設定之容許韌性容量，再與反應譜結合，提供設計者最小設計水平總橫力，在構件未達到非線性階段條件下，進行彈性設計。而現行耐震評估程序係針對既有建物採用非線性側推分析，依據性能需求（如中震不壞）設定性能目標（如層間變位大小），以評估所得之性能目標地表加速度（性能目標所對應之地表加速度）與場址 475 年設計地震最大地表加速度比較，作為結構耐震能力是否足夠之依據。本文探討依最新耐震設計規範進行設計之建物，使用耐震評估之側推分析，從而比對其相關參數並加以探討。以土木 404-100「混凝土工程設計規範之應用」下冊提供之新建設計結構，進行非線性側推分析求取性能目標地表加速度，對於耐震設計規範中參數如降伏、極限水平總橫力及容量曲線顯示之韌性容量，皆比現行耐震設計規範法規需求值為高，顯示新建設計仍偏向保守。
TitleThe study of the seismic assessment parameters of a new design building by nonlinear static pushover analysis
AuthorTe-Kuang Chow, Yeong-Kae Yeh
Keywordsnew design, seismic design specification, seismic evaluation, nonlinear pushover analysis
AbstractAt present, the commonly used method for new building design is based on the current seismic design specification,according to seismic requirements and the allowable toughness capacity,which provides designers with minimum total horizontal force design level, and then combined with the response spectrum to complete the elastic design, before those structure members reach the nonlinear stage. The current seismic assessment procedures using the nonlinear pushover analysisgain the result .The result of performance target ground acceleration is used to compare with the site peak ground acceleration of design earthquake with a 475-year return period to evaluate the seismic capacity is enough or not.This article explores the parameters of their differences between the latest seismic design specifications in accordance with the building design and the use of seismic evaluation of pushover analysis.Using the Civil 404-100 as the new design case, run the nonlinear pushover analysis to gain the performance target ground acceleration.Whether initial yield lateral force or capacity curve, are higher than the current seismic design specifications. It illustrates that the current seismic design specifications has the more conservative minimum design lateral force and the toughness capacity.

Vol.30/No.2 (118) (2015)

作者:

Vol.30/No.2 (118) (2015)

TitleStudy on Structural Analysis of Cantilever Erection Process for Cable-Stayed Bridges
AuthorYu-Chi Sung, Chun-Ying Wang, Eng-Hwa Teo
KeywordsArtificial intelligence, Optimization analysis, Construction stage analysis
AbstractCantilever erection method is popularly used in construction of long span cable-stayed bridges. The structural configuration, boundary condition and construction loading are changed sequentially during erection process. In order to make the eventual structural performance at final erection stage consistent to the design of complete bridge, structural analysis of erection process is indeed important. This study used hybrid GA to develop an automatic analysis for cantilever erection process of the cable-stayed bridges. The case study was performed and the analytical results were discussed. The results obtained show the method developed can deal with the optimum construction planning of cable-stayed bridges using cantilever erection.
TitleQuality Assessments on T-Shape Electro-Slag Welds (ESWs) of Internal Diaphragm to Box-Column Plate
AuthorKer-Chun Lin, Sheng-Jhih Jhuang, Chao-Hsien Li, Chih-Han Lin
Keywordssteel box column, electro-slag welds (ESW), diaphragm, ultrasonic testing (UT), heat affected zone (HAZ), Charpy V-notch (CVN) toughness, hardness
AbstractThe welding procedure of electro-slag welds (ESW) is one of the most efficient welding methods for a T-shape joint of internal diaphragm to column plate of steel box column. Therefore, it is widely used to steel building structures in order to save making time of steel structure fabrication shop in Taiwan. Unfortunately, according to the past research results on beam-to-column connection with the box column, there was at least 25% fractured probability of ESWs joints, join internal diaphragm to column plate of the box column, to occur unacceptably premature brittle-fracture before its beam end’s plastic hinge not developing. Based on observation of macro metallurgical photos from the past studies, local inadequate melting due to welds bias is one of the most important factors to result in this failure mode. To prevent the ESW from fracture in the beam-to-column connection, this research focused on mechanical characteristics of ESW and near parts, fabrication procedure of the existing ESW in Taiwan and ultrasonic testing (UT) technology. The research results indicated that the ESW joint between internal diaphragm and column plate of the box column due to its high heat-input caused heat affected zone (HAZ) on base metal of the column plate brittle under its slow heat-dissipation from the column plate. In addition, the existing ESW technology can’t be effectively controlled and obtain stable quality of welds. However, the UT is a feasible and most economic nondestructive method to inspect the ESW welds. This research proposed an integral UT inspection technology include inspecting sensors, procedure and acceptable criteria. A fabricated detail also was advised in this paper to prevent the ESW from local inadequate melting. The proposed technologies of fabrication and inspection can not only effectively ensure the ESW quality but also significantly increase seismic performance of the steel beam-to-box column connections.
TitleInvestigation on the Differences between the Property of Shear Plastic Hinge of RC Beam and Column Members Determined by SERCB and NCREE Software
AuthorChin-Sheng Kao, Yu-Chun Sun, Jim Chang
KeywordsBeam and Column Members, Shear, Property of Plastic Hinge, Seismic Capability
AbstractSince the 921 Chi-chi earthquake, domestic technicians have used SERCB and NCREE software to actively assess and reinforce the seismic capacity of low-rise school structures for over ten years, and have accumulated a significant amount of experience. Now as domestic people have already fully understood these two sets of software and after the differences between the property of moment plastic hinge of RC beam and column members determined by these two sets of software have been investigated in the previous paper[1], this paper continues investigate the differences between the property of shear plastic hinge of RC beam and column members determined by these two sets of software as well as their impact on the assessment results of the seismic capacity of RC buildings structure in order to confirm whether there are areas of improvement for these two sets of software.
TitleA nonlinear static analysis study of a RC structure with walls
AuthorHsin-Hung Chen, I-Chau Tsai
KeywordsRC wall, equivalent column, lateral load-lateral displacement response, nonlinear static analysis
AbstractKnowing a lateral load-lateral displacement response of an RC wall is an important work of executing nonlinear static analysis and evaluating earthquake-resistant capacity of an RC structure with RC walls. This paper explains how to calculate the moment-bending displacement response of an RC wall under axial load and moment properly, and calculate the shear-shear displacement response of the RC wall under axial load and shear by using the modified compression-field theory (MCFT) with considering the effect of the height-depth ratio (Hin/Lw). By integrating the moment-bending displacement response and the shear-shear displacement response, the lateral load-lateral displacement response of the RC wall under axial load-moment-shear interaction can be decided reasonably. In addition, to provide an application illustration for engineers, this paper establishes a 6 floor RC structure with walls and a 6 floor RC structure with walls containing windows to explain how to use an equivalent column model to simulate an RC wall on SAP2000 or ETABS nonlinear static analysis.
TitleThe study of the seismic assessment parameters of a new design building by nonlinear static pushover analysis
AuthorTe-Kuang Chow, Yeong-Kae Yeh
Keywordsnew design, seismic design specification, seismic evaluation, nonlinear pushover analysis
AbstractAt present, the commonly used method for new building design is based on the current seismic design specification,according to seismic requirements and the allowable toughness capacity,which provides designers with minimum total horizontal force design level, and then combined with the response spectrum to complete the elastic design, before those structure members reach the nonlinear stage. The current seismic assessment procedures using the nonlinear pushover analysisgain the result .The result of performance target ground acceleration is used to compare with the site peak ground acceleration of design earthquake with a 475-year return period to evaluate the seismic capacity is enough or not.This article explores the parameters of their differences between the latest seismic design specifications in accordance with the building design and the use of seismic evaluation of pushover analysis.Using the Civil 404-100 as the new design case, run the nonlinear pushover analysis to gain the performance target ground acceleration.Whether initial yield lateral force or capacity curve, are higher than the current seismic design specifications. It illustrates that the current seismic design specifications has the more conservative minimum design lateral force and the toughness capacity.

第三十卷第一期 (期別117) (104年)

作者:

第三十卷第一期 (期別117) (104年)

標題結構設計不當可能賠償責任之探討
作者謝彥安
關鍵字 
摘要工程顧問公司或技師事務所之結構設計者承接工程設計工作，並提供發包予營造廠施作，如後續工程發生瑕疵毀損，設計者是否需負民事上之損害賠償責任?我國法院如何認定有關責任?作者援引我國法院民事判決，該案法官即衡酌施工過程中之契約及有關文書、相關鑑定報告、證人證詞等事證，最終判定設計者需負20%之過失責任，應值得參考。最後，作者解析我國法院對於工程爭議發生時之可歸責性判斷方式，並提供設計者於工作進行中應注意之要點，以保障自身權益。
TitleA Study on the Possible Liability of Defective Structural Design
AuthorYen-An Shieh
Keywords 
AbstractStructural designers in the engineering consultants or the professional Engineering offices design for construction by construction company. Will the designers need to bear civil compensation due to engineering defects? How the court finds responsibility? The author cites the judgment of the civil court. The judge in the case considered the contract information, appraisement report, witness’s statement and so on to judge designers with 20% responsibility. It should be worth considering. Finally, the author determines how to resolve accountability of the construction controversies in the civil court , and provides designers the considering points in work in order to protect their own rights.
標題挫屈束制支撐構架設計概要與工程應用
作者吳安傑、林保均、莊明介、蔡克銓
關鍵字挫屈束制支撐、鋼制震裝置、等效勁度、接合板、梁柱開合效應、耐震設計、容量設計
摘要挫屈束制支撐（buckling-restrained brace, BRB）可由習見之營建材料與工藝製造，利用BRB 構成的挫屈束制支撐構架（buckling-restrained braced frame, BRBF）能很經濟地提升抗震所需之勁度、強度與韌性。本文說明BRB的構造原理與設計原則，介紹常見的BRB 組成與接合類型，闡明核心消能段長度比對BRB 等效勁度及核心消能段應變量的影響。除了介紹BRBF 系統設計流程外，亦說明設計BRB 邊界梁柱構件應特別注意的細節，並提出BRB 接合板設計與破壞檢核建議。本文也介紹由國家地震工程研究中心全球首創之雲端設計軟體，利用設計實例示範本軟體在BRB 構件及接合的設計功能。最後以國內近年來10 件應用BRB 之實際工程案為例，介紹國內工程師對BRB 所制訂的品質檢核與性能驗證試驗方式，並利用其中10 組BRB 反覆載重驗證試驗結果說明BRB 應具備之受力變形行為與合格標準。
TitleSeismic design and applications of buckling-restrained braced frames
AuthorAn-Chien Wu , Ming-Chieh Chuang , Pao-Chun Lin , Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsbuckling-restrained brace, hysteretic damper, effective stiffness, gusset connection, frame action effect, seismic design, capacity design
AbstractBuckling-restrained braces (BRBs) can be conveniently fabricated using common construction materials and techniques. Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) employing BRBs offer desirable seismic resistant lateral strength, stiffness and ductility. This paper introduces the basic concept, key design principles, the various compositions and connection details of BRBs. Effects of the ratio between the BRB yield region length and the brace work point-to-work point length on the BRB axial effective stiffness, the frame yield story drift, and the BRB core strain level are illustrated. This paper discusses the design procedures of the BRBF system, the capacity design principle of the columns and beams adjacent to the BRBs. Recommendations on the design of gussets are also given. The effectiveness of an innovative cloud service, Brace on Demand (BOD), for automated design of BRBs and end connections is demonstrated. Qualifying test results of 10 practical BRBs randomly selected from recent 10 application projects are discussed to demonstrate how Taiwan engineers practice the BRB quality control for building construction projects. Acceptance criteria of the BRB qualifying tests are presented.
標題含組合繫筋及組合內箍筋RC柱之耐震性能
作者李台光、陳正誠
關鍵字組合繫筋、組合內箍筋、RC 柱、耐震性能
摘要組合繫筋為由兩支一端為180 度彎鉤另一端為直線的J 形鋼筋搭接組合而成；組合內箍筋為由兩支U 形鋼筋搭接組合而成。本研究完成4 支大尺寸鋼筋混凝土柱試體之反復側向載重試驗，探討含組合繫筋及組合內箍筋柱之耐震性能。研究結果顯示：(1)含組合繫筋及組合內箍筋試體之韌性，明顯比含傳統繫筋之試體優異，也比含兩端皆為180 度彎鉤一體繫筋之試體佳；(2)組合繫筋及組合內箍筋的施工性佳，尤其是組合繫筋不但施工簡便且施工誤差可降到很低，可以明顯提升RC 柱鋼筋之施工品質及RC 結構之耐震性能；(3)組合繫筋及組合內箍筋以鋼筋拉力搭接組合而成，本文提供滿足搭接長度需求所需之最小柱尺寸，方便工程實務應用。
TitleThe seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns using the lap-spliced crosstie and lap-spliced inner hoop
AuthorTai-Kuang Lee , Cheng-Cheng Chen
Keywordslap-spliced crosstie, lap-spliced inner hoop, RC columns, seismic performance
AbstractA lap-spliced crosstie consists of two J- shaped steel bars (rebars) that have a straight end and an end featuring a 180° hook. A lap-spliced inner hoop is the lap splice of two U-bars. In this study, a lateral cyclic load test was conducted on four specimens of large-sized reinforced concrete (RC) columns to investigate the seismic resistance capability of RC columns comprising lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced i nner hoops. The research results are presented as follows: (a) The ductility of the specimens that adopted the lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced inne r hoops was significantly superior to that of the specimens using conventional crossties and crossties featuring a 180° hook on the two ends. (b) The constructability of the lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced inner hoops was satisfactory. In particular, using lap-spliced crossties in construction is easy and pr oduces a low possibility of construction errors. Therefore, the construction qua lity of RC column reinforcement and the seismic resistance capability of RC structures can be substantially increased. (c) The lap-spliced crosstie and lap-spliced inner hoop were formed on the basis of the tension lap splice of rebars. The column size used in this study fulfilled the minimum column size requirement fo r lap splice and can therefore be conveniently applied in engineering practices.
標題救災用鋼與玻璃纖維複合材料非對稱斜張橋之研究與開發
作者宋裕祺、葉芳耀、洪曉慧、張國鎮、尹世洵、邱毅宗、許哲愷、李政寬、周中哲、劉楨業、莊瑞彰、潘威佑
關鍵字救災用複合材料橋梁、非對稱斜張橋、輕量化、易組裝與可重覆使用橋梁
摘要為避免洪災或地震引致橋梁損毀，造成某些地區因聯外道路中斷而形成孤島，如何研提一適合的橋梁形式，能在短暫時間內以有限的人力、機具組裝完成且可重複拆解使用，以符合臨時搶救災之功能，實屬重要。本文研擬應用複合纖維材料於輕量化救災橋梁之規劃、分析、設計與快速組裝，採用非對稱跨徑(12m + 20 m)之單塔自錨式複合斜張橋，設計目標為可通行五噸載貨小卡車與具備快速搭建、拆卸與可重複使用之功能。本文所研提輕量化救災橋梁之組裝係以全程模擬處於受災現場為基準，採用懸臂施工且須於8 小時內架設完成，並且經由現地載重實驗顯示設計橋型與組裝規劃均屬可行。最後根據有限元素法建構輕便橋實體模型，詳細模擬玻璃纖維複合材料之疊層性質與行為，並與實驗結果進行比對。相關研究成果冀能在緊急災害發生時，讓救災人員、救援物資於短時間內快速搶進至受災地區，以降低災害帶來的損失，發揮最大的救援效果。
TitleResearch and development on steel-GFRP composite asymmetric cable-stayed bridge for emergency disaster relief
AuthorYu-Chi Sung ,Fang-Yao Yeh ,Hsiao-Hui Hung ,Kuo-Chun Chang ,Shih-Hsun Yin, Yi-Tsung Chiu, Che-Kai Hsu, Zheng-kuan Lee, Chung-Che Chou, Tony C. Liu, Jui-Chang Chuang, Wei-Yiu Pan
KeywordsComposite bridge for emergency disaster relief, asymmetric cable-stayed bridge, lightweight, portable, and reusable bridge
AbstractOwing to recent extreme climates, typhoons, floods, and earthquakes have become large natural disaster threats in Taiwan over the years. Such natural disasters have caused damage to some bridges, consequently isolating residential communities located on mountains, and hampering the ability to delivery emergency relief supplies to those communities. In order to provide quick emergency relief, the simple construction of a temporary bridge becomes critical for the transportation of food an d medical supplies into the emergency disaster areas. While composite materials for footbridges and vehicular traffic applications have been widely used overseas, they are not suitable for disaster relief applications. The objective of this paper is to present a novel bridge structure for a portable, reusable, and lightweight bridge. This paper focuses on the analysis, design, and experimental verification of a temporary composite bridge for disaster relief. To provide safe traffic diversion, this paper designs and constructs a cable-stayed bridge with 20 m main span by using fiber reinforced polymer material, the bridge can be constructed in 8 hours and can hold 5-ton trucks. After construction, a series of tests were conducted to verify the fact that the bridge can conform to the design purpose. In addition, these tests were numerically simulated by finite element analysis software ANSYS, and make a comparison between experimental and numerical results to investigate the accuracy of numerical modeling of the bridge. Ultimately, it advocates composite bridges for disaster relief applications.
標題半圓頂型屋蓋結構表面平均風壓後數設計值之探討
作者羅元隆、孫濤、李家豪、鄭啟明
關鍵字半圓頂型屋蓋結構、表面風壓係數、高跨比、分區
摘要大跨徑屋蓋結構為現今社會常見的結構型態之一，具有大空間且多功能的特性。依照我國建築物耐風設計規範中定義，此類結構物高寬比多偏小，應可歸類為低矮建物。然而由於跨度大且材質輕的特性，屋蓋表面受風壓分佈影響甚鉅，一般不建議以簡易計算方式給定設計風力載重，而另行於規範中表列其表面風壓係數設計值提供給工程師參考。本研究進行以探討各國規範於大跨徑屋蓋結構中，半圓頂型屋蓋結構表面平均風壓係數的設計值為主，輔以風洞實驗結果，進而探討目前國內規範應對於此類結構型態之表面風壓係數設計值作何修正或建議，並提出本研究於未來規範修訂之建議方案。由初步的風洞實驗結果與各國規範設計值之比較可看出，除了表面風壓特性應具有分區概念(Zoning concept)以外，屋蓋結構的高跨比(f/D)與底座高跨比(h/D)對於分區之影響亦應列入規範修訂考量。
TitleDesign Values of Mean Pressure Coefficients for Domed Roofs
AuthorYuan-Lung Lo, Tao Sun, Chia-Hao Lee, Chii-Ming Cheng
KeywordsDomed roof, External pressure coefficient, Height-span ratio, Zoning
Abstract

Large span roof structures are one of the most welcomed structural types for its spatial feature and multi-functional performance. Most of them are categorized as low-rise buildings; however, its light-weight and long span characteristics make wind pressures dominate the subsequent structural response and make the wind load evaluation a difficult task. The simplified methodology of design wind loads may not be adoptable. In this research, systematic wind tunnel tests and several codes were compared and discussed on the domed roof structures, which is one category of large span roof structures. It was demonstrated that the design values in several codes may cause over conservative or unfavorable unsafe design in certain local area of the roof surface. Based on wind tunnel data, this research proposed a suggestive flowchart to evaluate the mean wind pressure coefficients in terms of span height ratio (f/D) and wall height ratio (h/D).

 

Vol.30/No.1 (117) (2015)

作者:

Vol.30/No.1 (117) (2015)

TitleA Study on the Possible Liability of Defective Structural Design
AuthorYen-An Shieh
Keywords 
AbstractStructural designers in the engineering consultants or the professional Engineering offices design for construction by construction company. Will the designers need to bear civil compensation due to engineering defects? How the court finds responsibility? The author cites the judgment of the civil court. The judge in the case considered the contract information, appraisement report, witness’s statement and so on to judge designers with 20% responsibility. It should be worth considering. Finally, the author determines how to resolve accountability of the construction controversies in the civil court , and provides designers the considering points in work in order to protect their own rights.
TitleSeismic design and applications of buckling-restrained braced frames
AuthorAn-Chien Wu , Ming-Chieh Chuang , Pao-Chun Lin , Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsbuckling-restrained brace, hysteretic damper, effective stiffness, gusset connection, frame action effect, seismic design, capacity design
AbstractBuckling-restrained braces (BRBs) can be conveniently fabricated using common construction materials and techniques. Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) employing BRBs offer desirable seismic resistant lateral strength, stiffness and ductility. This paper introduces the basic concept, key design principles, the various compositions and connection details of BRBs. Effects of the ratio between the BRB yield region length and the brace work point-to-work point length on the BRB axial effective stiffness, the frame yield story drift, and the BRB core strain level are illustrated. This paper discusses the design procedures of the BRBF system, the capacity design principle of the columns and beams adjacent to the BRBs. Recommendations on the design of gussets are also given. The effectiveness of an innovative cloud service, Brace on Demand (BOD), for automated design of BRBs and end connections is demonstrated. Qualifying test results of 10 practical BRBs randomly selected from recent 10 application projects are discussed to demonstrate how Taiwan engineers practice the BRB quality control for building construction projects. Acceptance criteria of the BRB qualifying tests are presented.
TitleThe seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns using the lap-spliced crosstie and lap-spliced inner hoop
AuthorTai-Kuang Lee , Cheng-Cheng Chen
Keywordslap-spliced crosstie, lap-spliced inner hoop, RC columns, seismic performance
AbstractA lap-spliced crosstie consists of two J- shaped steel bars (rebars) that have a straight end and an end featuring a 180° hook. A lap-spliced inner hoop is the lap splice of two U-bars. In this study, a lateral cyclic load test was conducted on four specimens of large-sized reinforced concrete (RC) columns to investigate the seismic resistance capability of RC columns comprising lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced i nner hoops. The research results are presented as follows: (a) The ductility of the specimens that adopted the lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced inne r hoops was significantly superior to that of the specimens using conventional crossties and crossties featuring a 180° hook on the two ends. (b) The constructability of the lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced inner hoops was satisfactory. In particular, using lap-spliced crossties in construction is easy and pr oduces a low possibility of construction errors. Therefore, the construction qua lity of RC column reinforcement and the seismic resistance capability of RC structures can be substantially increased. (c) The lap-spliced crosstie and lap-spliced inner hoop were formed on the basis of the tension lap splice of rebars. The column size used in this study fulfilled the minimum column size requirement fo r lap splice and can therefore be conveniently applied in engineering practices.
TitleResearch and development on steel-GFRP composite asymmetric cable-stayed bridge for emergency disaster relief
AuthorYu-Chi Sung ,Fang-Yao Yeh ,Hsiao-Hui Hung ,Kuo-Chun Chang ,Shih-Hsun Yin, Yi-Tsung Chiu, Che-Kai Hsu, Zheng-kuan Lee, Chung-Che Chou, Tony C. Liu, Jui-Chang Chuang, Wei-Yiu Pan
KeywordsComposite bridge for emergency disaster relief, asymmetric cable-stayed bridge, lightweight, portable, and reusable bridge
AbstractOwing to recent extreme climates, typhoons, floods, and earthquakes have become large natural disaster threats in Taiwan over the years. Such natural disasters have caused damage to some bridges, consequently isolating residential communities located on mountains, and hampering the ability to delivery emergency relief supplies to those communities. In order to provide quick emergency relief, the simple construction of a temporary bridge becomes critical for the transportation of food an d medical supplies into the emergency disaster areas. While composite materials for footbridges and vehicular traffic applications have been widely used overseas, they are not suitable for disaster relief applications. The objective of this paper is to present a novel bridge structure for a portable, reusable, and lightweight bridge. This paper focuses on the analysis, design, and experimental verification of a temporary composite bridge for disaster relief. To provide safe traffic diversion, this paper designs and constructs a cable-stayed bridge with 20 m main span by using fiber reinforced polymer material, the bridge can be constructed in 8 hours and can hold 5-ton trucks. After construction, a series of tests were conducted to verify the fact that the bridge can conform to the design purpose. In addition, these tests were numerically simulated by finite element analysis software ANSYS, and make a comparison between experimental and numerical results to investigate the accuracy of numerical modeling of the bridge. Ultimately, it advocates composite bridges for disaster relief applications.
TitleDesign Values of Mean Pressure Coefficients for Domed Roofs
AuthorYuan-Lung Lo, Tao Sun, Chia-Hao Lee, Chii-Ming Cheng
KeywordsDomed roof, External pressure coefficient, Height-span ratio, Zoning
Abstract

Large span roof structures are one of the most welcomed structural types for its spatial feature and multi-functional performance. Most of them are categorized as low-rise buildings; however, its light-weight and long span characteristics make wind pressures dominate the subsequent structural response and make the wind load evaluation a difficult task. The simplified methodology of design wind loads may not be adoptable. In this research, systematic wind tunnel tests and several codes were compared and discussed on the domed roof structures, which is one category of large span roof structures. It was demonstrated that the design values in several codes may cause over conservative or unfavorable unsafe design in certain local area of the roof surface. Based on wind tunnel data, this research proposed a suggestive flowchart to evaluate the mean wind pressure coefficients in terms of span height ratio (f/D) and wall height ratio (h/D).

 

第二十九卷第四期 (期別116) (103年)

作者:

第二十九卷第四期 (期別116) (103年)

標題改進局部柔度法於梁結構損傷診斷之研究
作者許丁友、蕭勝元、廖文義
關鍵字局部柔度法、擬局部柔度法、梁結構、損傷診斷、健康診斷
摘要局部柔度法(Local flexibility method)主要是藉由量測模態參數便可判斷梁結構之局部剛度變化。該方法基本條件之一，係使用－ 虛力使其所導致之應力在局部結構區域不為零， 其他區域為零；本研究提出擬局部柔度法(Pseudo local flexibility method)，係打破此一基本條件，使其使用之虛力導致應力在局部結構區域產生集中應力，並於其他區域也有微小應力。本硏究將擬局部柔度法應用於超靜定梁結構上，且利用數值模擬與實際試驗進行驗證，結果顯示，擬局部柔度法於少量模態的情況下，能更準確地診斷超靜定梁結構之損傷位置及程度。
TitleA Study on Damage Detection of Beam Structures Using the Pseudo Local Flexibility Method
AuthorTing-Yu Hsu, Shen-Yuan Shiao, Wen-I Liao
KeywordsPseudo local flexibility method, beam structure, damage detection, health monitoring
AbstractThe local flexibility method, which can determine local stiffness variations of beam structures by using measured modal parameters, is one of the more promising vibration-based approaches. The local flexibility method is founded on “local” virtual forces that cause nonzero stresses within a local part of the structure. In this study, this basic rule has been broken. The “pseudo-local” virtual forces that cause concentrated stresses in a local part and nonzero stresses in the other parts of a structure are employed. The theoretical basis of the proposed “pseudo local flexibility method” (PLFM) is derived. The effects of the number of modes on the damage detection results are studied using both numerical and experimental hyper-static beam models. The results show that significantly fewer modes are required for the PLFM to estimate the damage location and extent with acceptable accuracy. Therefore, the feasibility of the PLFM is higher because only a limited number of high quality modes can be identified in real world applications.
標題實尺寸高強度鋼筋混凝土梁之剪力裂縫行為研究
作者邱建國、陳崇慶、林芳慶、紀凱甯
關鍵字高強度、鋼筋混凝土、剪力裂縫、梁試體、殘留裂縫寬度、使用性能、修復性能
摘要本研究共進行十組四點荷重之簡支梁試驗(跨深比為3.33)，其中八組於左右兩端之等剪力段，配置不同之箍筋間距(200 mm 及300 mm)，剩餘兩組則無配置箍筋。壓力筋配置均為2 根，拉力筋則分別以8 根及12 根進行配置，且均為D25 之SD685 鋼筋，斷面尺寸均為400 mm(寬)×700 mm(深)，保護層厚度均為40 mm，箍筋採用D13 之SD420W 及SD785 鋼筋。依本研究實驗結果可知，就長期荷重(靜載與活載作用)下之使用性能確保而言，梁長期容許應力值可取ACI 318 -11 所建議混凝土剪力強度之0.75 倍。就短期荷重(中小規模地震)下之修復性能而言，本研究擬建議採用ACI 318-11 之混凝土剪力強度計算公式進行此性能點檢核。就高強度鋼筋混凝土梁構材而言，依本研究試驗結果可知其受力後之剪力裂縫殘留總寬度與最大寬度比值約為4.5；為保守起見，本研究建議該比值可取4.0 以進行分析時殘留剪力裂縫最大值推估。此外；尖峰變形角時剪力裂縫最大寬度與殘留最大寬度之比值，本研究建議高強度鋼筋混凝土梁之適用值為2.5。
TitleStudy on the shear cracking behavior of the full-size high strength reinforced concrete beams
AuthorChien-Kuo Chiu, Tsung-Ching Chen, Fang-Ching Lin and Kai-Ning Chi
Keywordshigh strength, reinforced concrete, shear crack, beam specimens, residual crack width, serviceability, reparability
AbstractThe main propose of this work is to investigate the shear crack development and suggest the design formulas that can ensure serviceability and reparability for shear-critical high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beam members based on the experimental data of ten full-size simple-supported beam specimens (Span-depth ratio is 3.33). According to the experimental results, the design formulas that can ensure the serviceability and reparability are recommended for shear-critical HSRC beam members. Based on the crack development of each specimen, the average ratio of the residual total shear crack widths to the residual maximum shear crack width for the HSRC beam specimens is approximately 4.5; then, in the crack-based assessment, this work recommends setting the ratio as 4.0 to estimate residual maximum shear cracking. Additionally, the ratio of maximum peak shear crack width to residual maximum crack width, it can be increased by shortening stirrup spacing and increasing stirrup strength, and its overall average value is 2.44. This work suggests the applicable value of a HSRC shear-critical beam to be 2.5. Besides of the post-earthquake damage assessment, these results can also be used to build the performance-based design for HSRC structures.
標題預鑄梁與場鑄樓版間之混凝土冷縫界面對T型梁耐震行為影響
作者王勇智 、鄭智仁
關鍵字施工冷縫、界面剪應力、T 型斷面梁、耐震行為
摘要本實驗主要是針對T 型懸臂梁進行耐震行為分析，乃利用有或無預鑄施工冷縫T 型梁，針對不同剪力跨度(a/d=2.44 與a/d=5.46)進行討論。一般冷縫界面剪應力檢核之經驗公式由單向荷載實驗得來，並未探討其在反覆地震力作用下是否適用，這也是本文研究目的。由實驗結果得知，有預鑄施工冷縫的T 型短梁比一體澆置試體更易發生冷縫界面滑移。當剪力跨度越長，其抵抗滑移的面積越大，就越不易發生冷縫界面滑移。於負彎矩受力時，版筋受拉之有效版寬貢獻，有預鑄施工冷縫的T 型短梁為一體澆置試體的1.4 倍。另外，由T 型短梁冷縫界面剪應力分析結果得知，當量測之冷縫界面滑移量達0.5mm 時，平均界面剪應力則達0.2f’c ，與一般規範經驗公式上限值相當，應可作為冷縫界面剪應力耐震檢核標準。
TitleThe Effect of the Construction Joint Created between Precast Beam and Cast-in-Place Slab on the Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams
AuthorYung-Chih Wang, Jhih-Ren Jheng
KeywordsConstruction Joint, Interface Shear Stress, T-Beams, Seismic Behavior
AbstractThe purpose of the experimental study is to observe the seismic behavior of T-shaped cantilever beams. The study investigates the effect of construction joint and shear span (a/d=2.44 and a/d=5.46 ), and verifies the current design equations obtained from monotonic loading experience for evaluating interface shear stress. The test results indicate that the T-shaped short beam with construction joint slipped more obviously at the interface than the beam without construction joint. According to test results, in the negative moment when the slab bars stress in tension, the effective width of T-beam flange with construction joint is 1.4 time wider than the beam without construction joint. In the comparison between slender beams and short beams it was found that slender beams had less cold-joint slip effect than short beams. This is because the area of shear resistance at interface for slender beams is larger than short beams.
標題低矮型街屋耐震能力快速評估法之開發與驗證
作者邱聰智 、黃世建 、宋嘉誠 、鍾立來
關鍵字街屋、臨街店鋪住宅、快速評估、耐震評估、鋼筋混凝土
摘要街屋之數量龐大，很難全面進行專業之耐震評估。若能經由民眾的自主檢查，先篩選出耐震能力有疑慮的街屋，再交由專業者進行詳細評估，此較具可行性。故而一個簡單的街屋快速評估工具，確實有其必要。由於校舍與街屋具有相似的結構特性，且校舍已有大量之詳細評估結果，故可使用統計的方法，將校舍的耐震詳評結果應用在街屋上面。國家實驗研究院地震工程研究中心利用1,187 棟校舍耐震詳細評估資料庫，對每棟校舍的總樓地板面積、柱量以及經詳細評估後得到的耐震性能地表加速度進行統計分析，獲得每棟校舍之柱量比與耐震性能的關係。再以等值柱量的轉換概念，將磚牆及RC 牆對耐震性能的貢獻予以適度考量，因而發展出低矮型鋼筋混凝土建築物的耐震能力快速評估方法。本研究利用過去地震勘災紀錄，建立59 棟低矮型鋼筋混凝土建築震損資料庫，並以此震損資料庫驗證本快速評估法，驗證結果顯示震損程度為中害以上者，評估結果皆為耐震能力有疑慮。然而快速評估結果為耐震容量不足者，仍有一部分屬於小害以下，顯示本方法確實具有篩選性及保守性。以本方法對145 棟台灣典型街屋進行快速評估，約有四成的街屋須後送進行專業詳細評估。因此本方法可做為民眾住家自主檢查之工具，協助其篩選出耐震能力可能有疑慮之街屋，再尋求專業之詳細評估與補強設計，而為一個經濟可行的做法。
TitleSeismic rapid evaluation of low-rise street house
AuthorTsung-Chih Chiou, Shyh-Jiann Hwang, Jia-Cherng Song, Lap-Loi Chung
Keywordsstreet house, low-rise RC building, seismic rapid evaluation, reinforced concrete
AbstractIt is extremely difficult to carry out the seismic evaluation by professionals for all the street houses due to huge volume in Taiwan. Therefore, rapid evaluation carried out by owners as a preliminary screening can be a feasible scheme. Those buildings labeled with safety concern by rapid evaluation can be further evaluated by professionals. Since the school buildings and the street houses in Taiwan share the same structural characteristics, the empirical formula of seismic capacity for school buildings obtained through detailed evaluation can be applied to street houses. Based on the seismic evaluation data of 1,187 school buildings of the database collected by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, an empirical formula of the performance ground acceleration and the column-to-floor area ratio was established. The cross sectional areas of brick infill and RC wall can be transformed into the equivalent area of column according to their seismic capacities. Consequently, the performance ground acceleration of a low-rise street house can be rapidly evaluated by the ratio of column sectional area to floor area of building. The seismic rapid evaluation method has been verified by the data bank of damaged buildings collected through earthquake reconnaissance. The seismic capacities obtained from the rapid evaluation method correlate well with the damaged status of low-rise buildings. In general, the rapid evaluation method is conservative but still possesses a screening capacity. This paper presents a method for building owners to roughly evaluate the seismic capacity of their buildings by themselves.
標題醫院消防撒水系統機械式接頭之耐震行為與評估分析
作者林凡茹 、 張國鎮 、 黃振綱 、 柴駿甫
關鍵字消防撒水系統、機械式接頭、溝槽式接頭、螺紋接頭、擬靜態實驗、耐震性能評估
摘要醫院等重要建築耐震性能設計目的即為於強震後維持使用機能。然而國內外重要建築之消防撒水系統抗震經驗顯示，消防撒水管線系統一旦於某處輕微震損而發生洩漏，隨即因工作水壓導致消防水大量外流，釀成淹水等二次傷害，迫使重要建築中斷其機能。其中，機械式接頭(含螺紋式、溝槽式接頭)易為其管線系統的耐震弱點之一，然國內外工程界甚少關於消防管線系統機械式接頭性能設計所需之易損性實驗數據、元件非線性行為等相關研究。本研究針對國內醫院消防管線機械式接頭常見之規格，執行螺紋式與溝槽式接頭擬靜態實驗，並以靜力與動力分析進行管線系統初步評估，比較其受震行為及容量，以做為醫院等重要建築消防管線性能設計之參考。
TitleSeismic behavior and evaluation of mechanical fittings for fire protection sprinkler piping systems in hospitals
AuthorFan-Ru Lin, Kuo-Chun Chang, Jhen-Gang Huang, Juin-Fu Chai
Keywordssprinkler piping systems, mechanical fittings, grooved couplings, screwed fittings, quasi-static testing, seismic performance evaluation
AbstractBased on the experiences learned from recent earthquakes, it is recognized that the immediate operation of a hospital after strong earthquakes relies heavily on the functional integrity of critical nonstructural components. However,from the literature review of earthquake damages, the reduction of medical functionality has been caused by serious flooding due to the damage of mechanical fittings (including grooved couplings and screwed fittings) of sprinkler system. Hence, the objective of this paper is aimed to investigate the seismic behavior of mechanical fittings to improve the seismic performance of sprinkler systems effectively. The seismic capacities of mechanical fittings in pair with various pipe dimensions were studied through quasi-static tests under cyclic pure-bending loads. The small-bore fittings were further studied to the combined shear and bending effects. Based on the test results, the seismic performance evaluations for vertical and horizontal piping systems were implemented through static and dynamic analyses respectively.

Vol.29/No.4 (116) (2014)

作者:

Vol.29/No.4 (116) (2014)

TitleA Study on Damage Detection of Beam Structures Using the Pseudo Local Flexibility Method
AuthorTing-Yu Hsu, Shen-Yuan Shiao, Wen-I Liao
KeywordsPseudo local flexibility method, beam structure, damage detection, health monitoring
AbstractThe local flexibility method, which can determine local stiffness variations of beam structures by using measured modal parameters, is one of the more promising vibration-based approaches. The local flexibility method is founded on “local” virtual forces that cause nonzero stresses within a local part of the structure. In this study, this basic rule has been broken. The “pseudo-local” virtual forces that cause concentrated stresses in a local part and nonzero stresses in the other parts of a structure are employed. The theoretical basis of the proposed “pseudo local flexibility method” (PLFM) is derived. The effects of the number of modes on the damage detection results are studied using both numerical and experimental hyper-static beam models. The results show that significantly fewer modes are required for the PLFM to estimate the damage location and extent with acceptable accuracy. Therefore, the feasibility of the PLFM is higher because only a limited number of high quality modes can be identified in real world applications.
TitleStudy on the shear cracking behavior of the full-size high strength reinforced concrete beams
AuthorChien-Kuo Chiu, Tsung-Ching Chen, Fang-Ching Lin and Kai-Ning Chi
Keywordshigh strength, reinforced concrete, shear crack, beam specimens, residual crack width, serviceability, reparability
AbstractThe main propose of this work is to investigate the shear crack development and suggest the design formulas that can ensure serviceability and reparability for shear-critical high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beam members based on the experimental data of ten full-size simple-supported beam specimens (Span-depth ratio is 3.33). According to the experimental results, the design formulas that can ensure the serviceability and reparability are recommended for shear-critical HSRC beam members. Based on the crack development of each specimen, the average ratio of the residual total shear crack widths to the residual maximum shear crack width for the HSRC beam specimens is approximately 4.5; then, in the crack-based assessment, this work recommends setting the ratio as 4.0 to estimate residual maximum shear cracking. Additionally, the ratio of maximum peak shear crack width to residual maximum crack width, it can be increased by shortening stirrup spacing and increasing stirrup strength, and its overall average value is 2.44. This work suggests the applicable value of a HSRC shear-critical beam to be 2.5. Besides of the post-earthquake damage assessment, these results can also be used to build the performance-based design for HSRC structures.
TitleThe Effect of the Construction Joint Created between Precast Beam and Cast-in-Place Slab on the Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams
AuthorYung-Chih Wang, Jhih-Ren Jheng
KeywordsConstruction Joint, Interface Shear Stress, T-Beams, Seismic Behavior
AbstractThe purpose of the experimental study is to observe the seismic behavior of T-shaped cantilever beams. The study investigates the effect of construction joint and shear span (a/d=2.44 and a/d=5.46 ), and verifies the current design equations obtained from monotonic loading experience for evaluating interface shear stress. The test results indicate that the T-shaped short beam with construction joint slipped more obviously at the interface than the beam without construction joint. According to test results, in the negative moment when the slab bars stress in tension, the effective width of T-beam flange with construction joint is 1.4 time wider than the beam without construction joint. In the comparison between slender beams and short beams it was found that slender beams had less cold-joint slip effect than short beams. This is because the area of shear resistance at interface for slender beams is larger than short beams.
TitleSeismic rapid evaluation of low-rise street house
AuthorTsung-Chih Chiou, Shyh-Jiann Hwang, Jia-Cherng Song, Lap-Loi Chung
Keywordsstreet house, low-rise RC building, seismic rapid evaluation, reinforced concrete
AbstractIt is extremely difficult to carry out the seismic evaluation by professionals for all the street houses due to huge volume in Taiwan. Therefore, rapid evaluation carried out by owners as a preliminary screening can be a feasible scheme. Those buildings labeled with safety concern by rapid evaluation can be further evaluated by professionals. Since the school buildings and the street houses in Taiwan share the same structural characteristics, the empirical formula of seismic capacity for school buildings obtained through detailed evaluation can be applied to street houses. Based on the seismic evaluation data of 1,187 school buildings of the database collected by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, an empirical formula of the performance ground acceleration and the column-to-floor area ratio was established. The cross sectional areas of brick infill and RC wall can be transformed into the equivalent area of column according to their seismic capacities. Consequently, the performance ground acceleration of a low-rise street house can be rapidly evaluated by the ratio of column sectional area to floor area of building. The seismic rapid evaluation method has been verified by the data bank of damaged buildings collected through earthquake reconnaissance. The seismic capacities obtained from the rapid evaluation method correlate well with the damaged status of low-rise buildings. In general, the rapid evaluation method is conservative but still possesses a screening capacity. This paper presents a method for building owners to roughly evaluate the seismic capacity of their buildings by themselves.
TitleSeismic behavior and evaluation of mechanical fittings for fire protection sprinkler piping systems in hospitals
AuthorFan-Ru Lin, Kuo-Chun Chang, Jhen-Gang Huang, Juin-Fu Chai
Keywordssprinkler piping systems, mechanical fittings, grooved couplings, screwed fittings, quasi-static testing, seismic performance evaluation
AbstractBased on the experiences learned from recent earthquakes, it is recognized that the immediate operation of a hospital after strong earthquakes relies heavily on the functional integrity of critical nonstructural components. However,from the literature review of earthquake damages, the reduction of medical functionality has been caused by serious flooding due to the damage of mechanical fittings (including grooved couplings and screwed fittings) of sprinkler system. Hence, the objective of this paper is aimed to investigate the seismic behavior of mechanical fittings to improve the seismic performance of sprinkler systems effectively. The seismic capacities of mechanical fittings in pair with various pipe dimensions were studied through quasi-static tests under cyclic pure-bending loads. The small-bore fittings were further studied to the combined shear and bending effects. Based on the test results, the seismic performance evaluations for vertical and horizontal piping systems were implemented through static and dynamic analyses respectively.

第二十九卷第三期 (期別115) (103年)

作者:

第二十九卷第三期 (期別115) (103年)

標題應用高強度鋼筋與高強度混凝土於橋墩耐震設計之可行性研究
作者劉光晏、宋裕祺、張國鎮
關鍵字高強度鋼筋混凝土、橋墩、耐震性能
摘要本研究採用高強度混凝土與高強度鋼筋材料（New RC），進行6 組單柱式橋墩之反覆載重實驗，檢討斷面、材料與配筋組合，使New RC 橋墩在承受相近柱軸力下可獲致與一般RC 橋墩相近之撓曲強度、位移韌性與消能能力。試體規劃包括RC 標準試體（BMRC1）、New RC 實心斷面試體（NEWRC1、NEWRC5）及New RC 空心斷面試體（NEWRCH1、NEWRCH2、NEWRCH3）。製作方式分為4 組場鑄及2 組預鑄節塊橋墩，其中NEWRCH3包含後置預力。實驗結果顯示，New RC 橋墩因配置10 cm 間距之橫向鋼筋提高良好的圍束效果，且高寬比大及軸力比低條件，結構行為滿足公路橋梁耐震設計規範有關強度與韌性規定，確實達成斷面及材料減量的目標。結合預鑄節塊及後置預力方式施工，更進一步提高施工效率與震後復原能力。此外，本研究以既有簡化模式分析，經比較實驗結果可快速且有效預測New RC 柱之側推曲線，達到耐震設計與評估之目的。
TitleFeasibility Study of New RC on the Seismic Design of Bridge Column
AuthorKuang-Yen Liu, Yu-Chi Sung, Kuo-Chun Chang
KeywordsHigh strength concrete and reinforcement, bridge column, seismic performance
AbstractThis study presents the experimental study on the seismic performance of bridge column with high strength concrete and reinforcements, called New RC column. Given a specified plastic moment strength resulted from a predetermined RC column with ordinary materials, the design objective of New RC column is to provide same plastic moment strength but reducing the cross section, quantities of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement simultaneously. Total of one RC column (BMR1), two solid-section New RC columns (NEWRC1, NEWRC5) and three hollow-section New RC columns (NEWRCH1, 2, 3) were manufactured by either cast-in-place or precast and carried out by cyclical loading tests. For New RC specimens, the design compressive strength of concrete, yielding strength of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement are 70, 685, and 785 MPa, respectively, while RC column are 28, 420, and 280 MPa. Experimental results demonstrated that New RC column with sufficient lateral confinement and subjected to relative small axial load ratio can effectively reduce cross section and usage of material without losing desired flexural strength, either equipped with solid or hollow section. Besides, applying posttensioned strands within NEWRC column can provide self-centering mechanism to eliminate residual displacement. In addition, the pushover curve can be well predicted by the conventional program. The seismic performance of New RC column has been confirmed and its application can be expected in the future.
標題等值靜力風載重於橋樑設計上的應用
作者林堉溢、王彬
關鍵字等值靜力風載重，橋樑設計，抖振、斷面模型、風洞實驗
摘要本文目的是利用橋樑抖振理論與風洞實驗所得之氣動力參數，提出一等值靜力風載重表示式，使橋樑設計工程師能以此等值靜力風載重與其他型式載重做組合，以利結構分析及設計使用。等值靜力風載重包含靜、動態風力效應，其中動態效應分別考慮背景及共振部分。本文背景部分分別採用LRC(Loading Response Correlation)法及慣性力分佈型式，並比較兩者之差異，而共振部分則是依慣性力分佈型式。本文以一簡支樑及一斜張橋為例，前者是用來與文獻結果做比對，來驗證此方法之正確性；而後者則是利用兩種方式分別推導其等值靜力風載重，一為利用風力係數、顫振導數及理論頻譜推導，二為利用斷面模型風洞實驗所量測之位移來推導其等值靜力風載重。
TitleApplication of equivalent static wind loads on bridge design
AuthorYuh-Yi Lin, Ping Wang
Keywordsequivalent static wind loads, bridge design, buffeting, section model, wind tunnel test
AbstractIn this paper, an approach to generate the equivalent static wind loads at the design wind speed based on buffeting theory and the information obtained from wind tunnel tests is presented. Using this approach, bridge engineers are able to obtain the equivalent static wind loads and then easily to combine these wind loads with other loads for use of structural analysis and design. The equivalent static wind loads include static and dynamic effects. The dynamic effects are generally divided into the background and the resonant components. Two methods to generate the background components are presented in this paper. One is LRC approach and the other is based on the inertia load distribution. The comparison of the results between these two methods is discussed. The resonant components basically follow the inertia load distribution. Two examples, including a simply supported beam and a cable-stayed bridge, are used to examine the validity and applicability of the approach. Two types of equivalent static wind loads are generated in the cable-stayed bridge example. One is derived from buffeting theory utilizing static force coefficients, flutter derivatives and wind force spectrum. The other is formulated based on the responses measured from the section model tests.
標題複合耦合結構牆抗震系統之設計與非線性側推分析
作者洪崇展、盧威廷
關鍵字耦合結構牆、非線性側推分析、抗震行為、結構設計
摘要在地震頻繁區域中，耦合結構牆經常使用於中高樓層結構系統，提供側向勁度，抵抗地震外力，並減少結構體之側向位移。本文章探討複合耦合結構牆抗震系統之側推行為，研究耦合率與耦合牆高度對於複合耦合結構牆行為之影響。本研究統整國外之建議設計方法，設計九座複合耦合結構牆，並建立其非線性數值分析模型，分別具有三種不同耦合率，與三種不同高度，分別為20%的低耦合率，40%的中等耦合率，與60%的高耦合率；10層樓的低樓層，20 層樓的中高樓層，與30 層樓的高樓層。耦合牆之行為採用非線性側推分析方法進行預測，並比較各耦合牆之受力機制、變位大小、以及破壞模式，此外，並依據FEMA-356 所建議之兩種不同災害層級加以評估：分別為50 年超越機率10%之地震，代表生命安全之表現目標，以及50 年超越機率2%之地震，代表倒塌預防之表現目標。研究發現耦合牆不適合採用過低之耦合率，研究結果並對不同高度之耦合牆抗震系統，分別建議合適之耦合率範圍。
TitleDesign and nonlinear pushover analysis of earthquake-resistant hybrid coupled structural wall systems
AuthorChung-Chan Hung, Wei-Ting Lu
Keywordscoupled structural walls, nonlinear pushover analysis, earthquake-resisting behavior, structural design
AbstractCoupled structural walls are often used in mid- to high-rise structural systems in earthquake regions. This type of structures is able to provide efficient lateral stiffness to resist earthquake loading and reduce the lateral drift response of the entire structural system. The paper investigates the pushover behavior of hybrid coupled structural walls. The influences of the coupling ratio and structural height on the structural behavior are extensively investigated. Nine different hybrid coupled structural walls with three different coupling ratios and three different heights are designed. The coupling ratios are 20%, 40%, and 60%, respectively, and the structural heights are 10 stories, 20 stories, and 30 stories, respectively. The nonlinear finite element models of the nine designs are constructed. Their behavior is studied using nonlinear pushover analysis. The performance of the various systems is compared in terms of the earthquake-resistant mechanism, the displacement response, and the failure pattern. The evaluation criteria specified in FEMA-356 for 10% and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years are employed for the assessment purpose. The study finds that it is not appropriate to design a coupled wall system with too low a coupling ratio. Suitable coupling ratios are suggested for coupled walls with different structural heights.
標題設備等非結構構件於建物中之耐震分析公式探討
作者盧煉元、洪俊宏、薛嘉傑
關鍵字非結構構件、耐震設計、設備耐震、設備地震力、設備加速度、設備隔震、柔性設備
摘要設備之耐震性為建物耐震工程中極重要的一環，因為重要設備若於地震中損壞將直接影響建物之使用功能，並造成經濟損失。而由於結構動態放大效應之故，設備之地震力需求與建物極為不同，應特別加以考量。現行耐震設計規範中有關設備之耐震分析與設計，係以非結構構材最小地震力公式加以規定。然而該公式並未考量建物及設備本身之動態特性，故易造成過於保守或低估設備地震力之情形。有鑑於此，本文乃利用反應譜及振態疊加原理重新推導建物中設備之地震力公式。在給定設計反應譜及建物與設備之動態參數(振頻及阻尼)條件下，該建議公式可推估設備在建物中不同樓層之最大地震力或最大加速度需求。惟該公式不適用於設備與建物發生共振之情況。為驗證公式之精確性，本文在數值案例中分別模擬一低頻(柔性)設備與一高頻(剛性)設備置於中低建物中之最大地震反應。經與歷時分析比較結果顯示，只要不是在共振區內，不論是低頻或高頻設備，本文公式所推估之樓層設備最大加速度反應皆遠較規範公式精準，且非常接近歷時分析之結果。其對於低頻設備之地震加速度反應推估尤其精準，此亦顯示本文建議公式極適用於具柔性之低頻設備，例如：隔震設備，細長塔架設備或管線設備等。
TitleA Seismic Design Formula For Equipment And Non-Structural Compments In Building Structures
AuthorLyan-Ywan Lu, Jiun-Hung Hung, Chia-Chiea Hsu
KeywordsNonstructural component, seismic design, seismic load, equipment protection, equipment isolation, acceleration response.
AbstractIn a building structure, the seismic capacity of equipment is an important issue, since it may cause serious functionality and financial losses of the building if the equipment is damaged in an earthquake. Due to the dynamic amplification effect of the underlying structure, the seismic demand of the equipment is very different from that of the primary structure and has to be treated with special attention. In current design codes, the seismic force of equipment is usually estimated by using the formula of the minimum seismic demand for nonstructural components. However, in this formula, the dynamic properties of the primary structure and equipment are not considered; therefore, the seismic force of the equipment may be over- or underestimated. To this end, based on modal superposition and response spectrum methods, a design formula is derived in this study. When the fundamental frequency and damping ratio of the primary structure and equipment are specified, the derived formula is able to estimate the seismic force or acceleration of equipment located on a certain floor level. Nevertheless, the formula is not applicable to the case in which the frequency of equipment is close to the resonance frequency of the structure. The accuracy of the formula is verified by using the data obtained from time history analysis of equipment placed on mid- and low-raised buildings. The simulation result demonstrates that the maximum accelerations of either soft or rigid equipment predicted by the proposed formula are far more accurate than the values predicted by the design code and are very close to the ones obtained from the time history analysis, particularly for low-frequency equipment. This indicates that the formula is particularly suitable for low-frequency equipment, such as base-isolated, slender or pipeline-type equipment.
標題鋼造雙核心自復位斜撐實驗分析與韌性斜撐構架之動力歷時行為
作者周中哲、陳映全、范庭海、張武明、鍾秉庭
關鍵字鋼造雙核心自復位斜撐、鋼造挫屈束制斜撐、斜撐實驗、構架非線性動力歷時分析、殘餘變形
摘要本研究說明一具反覆載重下有旗幟形自復位行為之雙核心自復位斜撐(Self-Centering Brace，簡稱SCB )之力學行為，並以斜撐實驗、有限元素分析及斜撐構架非線性動力歷時分析驗證耐震性能。文章首先說明挫屈束制斜撐(BRB)的耐震行為，並以此介紹新發展的雙核心SCB 在反覆載重下之自復位力學消能行為，雙核心SCB 試驗驗證在2.5%層間位移角下可保持良好的耐震行為，拉力構件最大應變為1.3%、最大軸力可達1300kN。本研究也利用有限元素分析進一步驗證雙核心SCB 試驗中觀察到的力學行為及遲滯迴圈反應，並以16 組雙核心SCB 模型進行參數研究，觀察不同拉力構件材料、尺寸、初始預力與摩擦力下之雙核心SCB 反應。為進一步地瞭解自復位斜撐系統的耐震性能，本研究設計含BRB 及雙核心SCB 的三種不同高度的挫屈束制斜撐構架(BRBF)及自復位斜撐構架(SCBF)，由非線性動力歷時分析設計地震層級(DBE)、最大地震層級(MCE)與近斷層地震對兩種斜撐構架的耐震反應，非線性動力歷時分析結果顯示SCBF 相較於BRBF 在地震作用下有較小的層間側位移角與殘餘變形角。
TitleSeismic Performance of Steel Dual-Core SCBs and Braced Frames with BRBs and SCBs
AuthorChung-Che Chou, Ying-Chuan Chen, Dinh-Hai Pham, Vu-Minh Truong, Ping-Ting Chung
KeywordsDual-core self-centering brace (SCB), Buckling-restrained brace (BRB), Cyclic test, Non-linear time history analysis of frames, Residual deformation
AbstractA new steel dual-core self-centering brace(SCB) is developed in Taiwan to have a flag-shaped re-centering hysteretic response under cyclic loads. Axial deformation capacity of the brace is doubled by serial deformations of two sets of tensioning elements arranged in parallel. In this paper, the mechanics of the new brace is first explained, followed by testing one SCB to evaluate its cyclic performance. Finite element analysis is conducted on the specimen to verify the mechanics and hysteretic responses observed in the test. Finite element analyses are also performed on other 16 dual-core SCBs to evaluate how tensioning element types, initial PT force, and friction force affect the cyclic performance of the brace. Additionally, three braced frames of varying heights are designed using two bracing members, SCBs and buckling-restrained braces (BRBs). Nonlinear time history analyses are conducted on these braced frames to obtain seismic demands under both design and maximum considerable levels of earthquake motions and near-field motions. SCB frames generally exhibit a smaller peak interstory drift and residual drift than BRB frames.
標題RC與加強磚造建築物震害等級與結構載重位移曲線之對應關係
作者杜怡萱、王華婉、區麗貞
關鍵字震害，載重位移曲線，鋼筋混凝土，加強磚造
摘要本文針對RC與加強磚造建築物，建議一套新研擬之震害分級判定基準，此基準綜合了整體判定式與詳細判定式流程的優點，以能夠迅速、正確、客觀地於震後進行緊急震害分級為目標。此基準曾透過專業人員問卷方式，驗證其客觀性與對中等程度震害等級的辨識能力，結果顯示其合理可行且較偏保守。本文再以此分級基準對現地試驗校舍試體及三分之一縮尺RC校舍模型振動台試體進行評估，以探討震害等級與結構載重－位移曲線之對應關係，並與內政部現行緊急鑑定基準相互比較，以再次驗證其合理性。結果發現本文震害分級基準與內政部現行基準之判定逼間相符，並提出各種震害等級對應於載重·位移曲線之範圍。
TitleRelationship between Damage States and Load-displacement Curves of RC and Confined Masonry Buildings
AuthorYi-Hsuan Tu, Hwa-Wan Wang, and Lai-Ching Ao
Keywordsearthquake damage, load-displacement curve, reinforced concrete, confined masonry
AbstractAn earthquake damage evaluation procedure that is objective and easy to use for low-rise RC and confined masonry buildings is presented in this paper. The procedure is established by reviewing several existing procedures and integrating their merits. The accuracy of the procedure and its capability of distinguishing the medium damage states were verified by questionnaires to professionals in former research. It was found that the procedure can produce more accurate and conservative result than subjective judgment. In this paper, the procedure is applied to in-situ test and shaking table test specimens to validate the rationality of the evaluation factors and compared with the current damage evaluation procedure used in Taiwan. The comparison shows that the procedure is reasonable and consistent to the current procedure. The relationship between the determined damage states and the load-displacement curve is then summarized from the validation.

Vol.29/No.3 (115) (2014)

作者:

Vol.29/No.3 (115) (2014)

TitleFeasibility Study of New RC on the Seismic Design of Bridge Column
AuthorKuang-Yen Liu, Yu-Chi Sung, Kuo-Chun Chang
KeywordsHigh strength concrete and reinforcement, bridge column, seismic performance
AbstractThis study presents the experimental study on the seismic performance of bridge column with high strength concrete and reinforcements, called New RC column. Given a specified plastic moment strength resulted from a predetermined RC column with ordinary materials, the design objective of New RC column is to provide same plastic moment strength but reducing the cross section, quantities of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement simultaneously. Total of one RC column (BMR1), two solid-section New RC columns (NEWRC1, NEWRC5) and three hollow-section New RC columns (NEWRCH1, 2, 3) were manufactured by either cast-in-place or precast and carried out by cyclical loading tests. For New RC specimens, the design compressive strength of concrete, yielding strength of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement are 70, 685, and 785 MPa, respectively, while RC column are 28, 420, and 280 MPa. Experimental results demonstrated that New RC column with sufficient lateral confinement and subjected to relative small axial load ratio can effectively reduce cross section and usage of material without losing desired flexural strength, either equipped with solid or hollow section. Besides, applying posttensioned strands within NEWRC column can provide self-centering mechanism to eliminate residual displacement. In addition, the pushover curve can be well predicted by the conventional program. The seismic performance of New RC column has been confirmed and its application can be expected in the future.
TitleApplication of equivalent static wind loads on bridge design
AuthorYuh-Yi Lin, Ping Wang
Keywordsequivalent static wind loads, bridge design, buffeting, section model, wind tunnel test
AbstractIn this paper, an approach to generate the equivalent static wind loads at the design wind speed based on buffeting theory and the information obtained from wind tunnel tests is presented. Using this approach, bridge engineers are able to obtain the equivalent static wind loads and then easily to combine these wind loads with other loads for use of structural analysis and design. The equivalent static wind loads include static and dynamic effects. The dynamic effects are generally divided into the background and the resonant components. Two methods to generate the background components are presented in this paper. One is LRC approach and the other is based on the inertia load distribution. The comparison of the results between these two methods is discussed. The resonant components basically follow the inertia load distribution. Two examples, including a simply supported beam and a cable-stayed bridge, are used to examine the validity and applicability of the approach. Two types of equivalent static wind loads are generated in the cable-stayed bridge example. One is derived from buffeting theory utilizing static force coefficients, flutter derivatives and wind force spectrum. The other is formulated based on the responses measured from the section model tests.
TitleDesign and nonlinear pushover analysis of earthquake-resistant hybrid coupled structural wall systems
AuthorChung-Chan Hung, Wei-Ting Lu
Keywordscoupled structural walls, nonlinear pushover analysis, earthquake-resisting behavior, structural design
AbstractCoupled structural walls are often used in mid- to high-rise structural systems in earthquake regions. This type of structures is able to provide efficient lateral stiffness to resist earthquake loading and reduce the lateral drift response of the entire structural system. The paper investigates the pushover behavior of hybrid coupled structural walls. The influences of the coupling ratio and structural height on the structural behavior are extensively investigated. Nine different hybrid coupled structural walls with three different coupling ratios and three different heights are designed. The coupling ratios are 20%, 40%, and 60%, respectively, and the structural heights are 10 stories, 20 stories, and 30 stories, respectively. The nonlinear finite element models of the nine designs are constructed. Their behavior is studied using nonlinear pushover analysis. The performance of the various systems is compared in terms of the earthquake-resistant mechanism, the displacement response, and the failure pattern. The evaluation criteria specified in FEMA-356 for 10% and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years are employed for the assessment purpose. The study finds that it is not appropriate to design a coupled wall system with too low a coupling ratio. Suitable coupling ratios are suggested for coupled walls with different structural heights.
TitleA Seismic Design Formula For Equipment And Non-Structural Compments In Building Structures
AuthorLyan-Ywan Lu, Jiun-Hung Hung, Chia-Chiea Hsu
KeywordsNonstructural component, seismic design, seismic load, equipment protection, equipment isolation, acceleration response.
AbstractIn a building structure, the seismic capacity of equipment is an important issue, since it may cause serious functionality and financial losses of the building if the equipment is damaged in an earthquake. Due to the dynamic amplification effect of the underlying structure, the seismic demand of the equipment is very different from that of the primary structure and has to be treated with special attention. In current design codes, the seismic force of equipment is usually estimated by using the formula of the minimum seismic demand for nonstructural components. However, in this formula, the dynamic properties of the primary structure and equipment are not considered; therefore, the seismic force of the equipment may be over- or underestimated. To this end, based on modal superposition and response spectrum methods, a design formula is derived in this study. When the fundamental frequency and damping ratio of the primary structure and equipment are specified, the derived formula is able to estimate the seismic force or acceleration of equipment located on a certain floor level. Nevertheless, the formula is not applicable to the case in which the frequency of equipment is close to the resonance frequency of the structure. The accuracy of the formula is verified by using the data obtained from time history analysis of equipment placed on mid- and low-raised buildings. The simulation result demonstrates that the maximum accelerations of either soft or rigid equipment predicted by the proposed formula are far more accurate than the values predicted by the design code and are very close to the ones obtained from the time history analysis, particularly for low-frequency equipment. This indicates that the formula is particularly suitable for low-frequency equipment, such as base-isolated, slender or pipeline-type equipment.
TitleSeismic Performance of Steel Dual-Core SCBs and Braced Frames with BRBs and SCBs
AuthorChung-Che Chou, Ying-Chuan Chen, Dinh-Hai Pham, Vu-Minh Truong, Ping-Ting Chung
KeywordsDual-core self-centering brace (SCB), Buckling-restrained brace (BRB), Cyclic test, Non-linear time history analysis of frames, Residual deformation
AbstractA new steel dual-core self-centering brace(SCB) is developed in Taiwan to have a flag-shaped re-centering hysteretic response under cyclic loads. Axial deformation capacity of the brace is doubled by serial deformations of two sets of tensioning elements arranged in parallel. In this paper, the mechanics of the new brace is first explained, followed by testing one SCB to evaluate its cyclic performance. Finite element analysis is conducted on the specimen to verify the mechanics and hysteretic responses observed in the test. Finite element analyses are also performed on other 16 dual-core SCBs to evaluate how tensioning element types, initial PT force, and friction force affect the cyclic performance of the brace. Additionally, three braced frames of varying heights are designed using two bracing members, SCBs and buckling-restrained braces (BRBs). Nonlinear time history analyses are conducted on these braced frames to obtain seismic demands under both design and maximum considerable levels of earthquake motions and near-field motions. SCB frames generally exhibit a smaller peak interstory drift and residual drift than BRB frames.
TitleRelationship between Damage States and Load-displacement Curves of RC and Confined Masonry Buildings
AuthorYi-Hsuan Tu, Hwa-Wan Wang, and Lai-Ching Ao
Keywordsearthquake damage, load-displacement curve, reinforced concrete, confined masonry
AbstractAn earthquake damage evaluation procedure that is objective and easy to use for low-rise RC and confined masonry buildings is presented in this paper. The procedure is established by reviewing several existing procedures and integrating their merits. The accuracy of the procedure and its capability of distinguishing the medium damage states were verified by questionnaires to professionals in former research. It was found that the procedure can produce more accurate and conservative result than subjective judgment. In this paper, the procedure is applied to in-situ test and shaking table test specimens to validate the rationality of the evaluation factors and compared with the current damage evaluation procedure used in Taiwan. The comparison shows that the procedure is reasonable and consistent to the current procedure. The relationship between the determined damage states and the load-displacement curve is then summarized from the validation.