第二十九卷第三期 (期別115) (103年)

作者:

第二十九卷第三期 (期別115) (103年)

標題應用高強度鋼筋與高強度混凝土於橋墩耐震設計之可行性研究
作者劉光晏、宋裕祺、張國鎮
關鍵字高強度鋼筋混凝土、橋墩、耐震性能
摘要本研究採用高強度混凝土與高強度鋼筋材料（New RC），進行6 組單柱式橋墩之反覆載重實驗，檢討斷面、材料與配筋組合，使New RC 橋墩在承受相近柱軸力下可獲致與一般RC 橋墩相近之撓曲強度、位移韌性與消能能力。試體規劃包括RC 標準試體（BMRC1）、New RC 實心斷面試體（NEWRC1、NEWRC5）及New RC 空心斷面試體（NEWRCH1、NEWRCH2、NEWRCH3）。製作方式分為4 組場鑄及2 組預鑄節塊橋墩，其中NEWRCH3包含後置預力。實驗結果顯示，New RC 橋墩因配置10 cm 間距之橫向鋼筋提高良好的圍束效果，且高寬比大及軸力比低條件，結構行為滿足公路橋梁耐震設計規範有關強度與韌性規定，確實達成斷面及材料減量的目標。結合預鑄節塊及後置預力方式施工，更進一步提高施工效率與震後復原能力。此外，本研究以既有簡化模式分析，經比較實驗結果可快速且有效預測New RC 柱之側推曲線，達到耐震設計與評估之目的。
TitleFeasibility Study of New RC on the Seismic Design of Bridge Column
AuthorKuang-Yen Liu, Yu-Chi Sung, Kuo-Chun Chang
KeywordsHigh strength concrete and reinforcement, bridge column, seismic performance
AbstractThis study presents the experimental study on the seismic performance of bridge column with high strength concrete and reinforcements, called New RC column. Given a specified plastic moment strength resulted from a predetermined RC column with ordinary materials, the design objective of New RC column is to provide same plastic moment strength but reducing the cross section, quantities of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement simultaneously. Total of one RC column (BMR1), two solid-section New RC columns (NEWRC1, NEWRC5) and three hollow-section New RC columns (NEWRCH1, 2, 3) were manufactured by either cast-in-place or precast and carried out by cyclical loading tests. For New RC specimens, the design compressive strength of concrete, yielding strength of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement are 70, 685, and 785 MPa, respectively, while RC column are 28, 420, and 280 MPa. Experimental results demonstrated that New RC column with sufficient lateral confinement and subjected to relative small axial load ratio can effectively reduce cross section and usage of material without losing desired flexural strength, either equipped with solid or hollow section. Besides, applying posttensioned strands within NEWRC column can provide self-centering mechanism to eliminate residual displacement. In addition, the pushover curve can be well predicted by the conventional program. The seismic performance of New RC column has been confirmed and its application can be expected in the future.
標題等值靜力風載重於橋樑設計上的應用
作者林堉溢、王彬
關鍵字等值靜力風載重，橋樑設計，抖振、斷面模型、風洞實驗
摘要本文目的是利用橋樑抖振理論與風洞實驗所得之氣動力參數，提出一等值靜力風載重表示式，使橋樑設計工程師能以此等值靜力風載重與其他型式載重做組合，以利結構分析及設計使用。等值靜力風載重包含靜、動態風力效應，其中動態效應分別考慮背景及共振部分。本文背景部分分別採用LRC(Loading Response Correlation)法及慣性力分佈型式，並比較兩者之差異，而共振部分則是依慣性力分佈型式。本文以一簡支樑及一斜張橋為例，前者是用來與文獻結果做比對，來驗證此方法之正確性；而後者則是利用兩種方式分別推導其等值靜力風載重，一為利用風力係數、顫振導數及理論頻譜推導，二為利用斷面模型風洞實驗所量測之位移來推導其等值靜力風載重。
TitleApplication of equivalent static wind loads on bridge design
AuthorYuh-Yi Lin, Ping Wang
Keywordsequivalent static wind loads, bridge design, buffeting, section model, wind tunnel test
AbstractIn this paper, an approach to generate the equivalent static wind loads at the design wind speed based on buffeting theory and the information obtained from wind tunnel tests is presented. Using this approach, bridge engineers are able to obtain the equivalent static wind loads and then easily to combine these wind loads with other loads for use of structural analysis and design. The equivalent static wind loads include static and dynamic effects. The dynamic effects are generally divided into the background and the resonant components. Two methods to generate the background components are presented in this paper. One is LRC approach and the other is based on the inertia load distribution. The comparison of the results between these two methods is discussed. The resonant components basically follow the inertia load distribution. Two examples, including a simply supported beam and a cable-stayed bridge, are used to examine the validity and applicability of the approach. Two types of equivalent static wind loads are generated in the cable-stayed bridge example. One is derived from buffeting theory utilizing static force coefficients, flutter derivatives and wind force spectrum. The other is formulated based on the responses measured from the section model tests.
標題複合耦合結構牆抗震系統之設計與非線性側推分析
作者洪崇展、盧威廷
關鍵字耦合結構牆、非線性側推分析、抗震行為、結構設計
摘要在地震頻繁區域中，耦合結構牆經常使用於中高樓層結構系統，提供側向勁度，抵抗地震外力，並減少結構體之側向位移。本文章探討複合耦合結構牆抗震系統之側推行為，研究耦合率與耦合牆高度對於複合耦合結構牆行為之影響。本研究統整國外之建議設計方法，設計九座複合耦合結構牆，並建立其非線性數值分析模型，分別具有三種不同耦合率，與三種不同高度，分別為20%的低耦合率，40%的中等耦合率，與60%的高耦合率；10層樓的低樓層，20 層樓的中高樓層，與30 層樓的高樓層。耦合牆之行為採用非線性側推分析方法進行預測，並比較各耦合牆之受力機制、變位大小、以及破壞模式，此外，並依據FEMA-356 所建議之兩種不同災害層級加以評估：分別為50 年超越機率10%之地震，代表生命安全之表現目標，以及50 年超越機率2%之地震，代表倒塌預防之表現目標。研究發現耦合牆不適合採用過低之耦合率，研究結果並對不同高度之耦合牆抗震系統，分別建議合適之耦合率範圍。
TitleDesign and nonlinear pushover analysis of earthquake-resistant hybrid coupled structural wall systems
AuthorChung-Chan Hung, Wei-Ting Lu
Keywordscoupled structural walls, nonlinear pushover analysis, earthquake-resisting behavior, structural design
AbstractCoupled structural walls are often used in mid- to high-rise structural systems in earthquake regions. This type of structures is able to provide efficient lateral stiffness to resist earthquake loading and reduce the lateral drift response of the entire structural system. The paper investigates the pushover behavior of hybrid coupled structural walls. The influences of the coupling ratio and structural height on the structural behavior are extensively investigated. Nine different hybrid coupled structural walls with three different coupling ratios and three different heights are designed. The coupling ratios are 20%, 40%, and 60%, respectively, and the structural heights are 10 stories, 20 stories, and 30 stories, respectively. The nonlinear finite element models of the nine designs are constructed. Their behavior is studied using nonlinear pushover analysis. The performance of the various systems is compared in terms of the earthquake-resistant mechanism, the displacement response, and the failure pattern. The evaluation criteria specified in FEMA-356 for 10% and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years are employed for the assessment purpose. The study finds that it is not appropriate to design a coupled wall system with too low a coupling ratio. Suitable coupling ratios are suggested for coupled walls with different structural heights.
標題設備等非結構構件於建物中之耐震分析公式探討
作者盧煉元、洪俊宏、薛嘉傑
關鍵字非結構構件、耐震設計、設備耐震、設備地震力、設備加速度、設備隔震、柔性設備
摘要設備之耐震性為建物耐震工程中極重要的一環，因為重要設備若於地震中損壞將直接影響建物之使用功能，並造成經濟損失。而由於結構動態放大效應之故，設備之地震力需求與建物極為不同，應特別加以考量。現行耐震設計規範中有關設備之耐震分析與設計，係以非結構構材最小地震力公式加以規定。然而該公式並未考量建物及設備本身之動態特性，故易造成過於保守或低估設備地震力之情形。有鑑於此，本文乃利用反應譜及振態疊加原理重新推導建物中設備之地震力公式。在給定設計反應譜及建物與設備之動態參數(振頻及阻尼)條件下，該建議公式可推估設備在建物中不同樓層之最大地震力或最大加速度需求。惟該公式不適用於設備與建物發生共振之情況。為驗證公式之精確性，本文在數值案例中分別模擬一低頻(柔性)設備與一高頻(剛性)設備置於中低建物中之最大地震反應。經與歷時分析比較結果顯示，只要不是在共振區內，不論是低頻或高頻設備，本文公式所推估之樓層設備最大加速度反應皆遠較規範公式精準，且非常接近歷時分析之結果。其對於低頻設備之地震加速度反應推估尤其精準，此亦顯示本文建議公式極適用於具柔性之低頻設備，例如：隔震設備，細長塔架設備或管線設備等。
TitleA Seismic Design Formula For Equipment And Non-Structural Compments In Building Structures
AuthorLyan-Ywan Lu, Jiun-Hung Hung, Chia-Chiea Hsu
KeywordsNonstructural component, seismic design, seismic load, equipment protection, equipment isolation, acceleration response.
AbstractIn a building structure, the seismic capacity of equipment is an important issue, since it may cause serious functionality and financial losses of the building if the equipment is damaged in an earthquake. Due to the dynamic amplification effect of the underlying structure, the seismic demand of the equipment is very different from that of the primary structure and has to be treated with special attention. In current design codes, the seismic force of equipment is usually estimated by using the formula of the minimum seismic demand for nonstructural components. However, in this formula, the dynamic properties of the primary structure and equipment are not considered; therefore, the seismic force of the equipment may be over- or underestimated. To this end, based on modal superposition and response spectrum methods, a design formula is derived in this study. When the fundamental frequency and damping ratio of the primary structure and equipment are specified, the derived formula is able to estimate the seismic force or acceleration of equipment located on a certain floor level. Nevertheless, the formula is not applicable to the case in which the frequency of equipment is close to the resonance frequency of the structure. The accuracy of the formula is verified by using the data obtained from time history analysis of equipment placed on mid- and low-raised buildings. The simulation result demonstrates that the maximum accelerations of either soft or rigid equipment predicted by the proposed formula are far more accurate than the values predicted by the design code and are very close to the ones obtained from the time history analysis, particularly for low-frequency equipment. This indicates that the formula is particularly suitable for low-frequency equipment, such as base-isolated, slender or pipeline-type equipment.
標題鋼造雙核心自復位斜撐實驗分析與韌性斜撐構架之動力歷時行為
作者周中哲、陳映全、范庭海、張武明、鍾秉庭
關鍵字鋼造雙核心自復位斜撐、鋼造挫屈束制斜撐、斜撐實驗、構架非線性動力歷時分析、殘餘變形
摘要本研究說明一具反覆載重下有旗幟形自復位行為之雙核心自復位斜撐(Self-Centering Brace，簡稱SCB )之力學行為，並以斜撐實驗、有限元素分析及斜撐構架非線性動力歷時分析驗證耐震性能。文章首先說明挫屈束制斜撐(BRB)的耐震行為，並以此介紹新發展的雙核心SCB 在反覆載重下之自復位力學消能行為，雙核心SCB 試驗驗證在2.5%層間位移角下可保持良好的耐震行為，拉力構件最大應變為1.3%、最大軸力可達1300kN。本研究也利用有限元素分析進一步驗證雙核心SCB 試驗中觀察到的力學行為及遲滯迴圈反應，並以16 組雙核心SCB 模型進行參數研究，觀察不同拉力構件材料、尺寸、初始預力與摩擦力下之雙核心SCB 反應。為進一步地瞭解自復位斜撐系統的耐震性能，本研究設計含BRB 及雙核心SCB 的三種不同高度的挫屈束制斜撐構架(BRBF)及自復位斜撐構架(SCBF)，由非線性動力歷時分析設計地震層級(DBE)、最大地震層級(MCE)與近斷層地震對兩種斜撐構架的耐震反應，非線性動力歷時分析結果顯示SCBF 相較於BRBF 在地震作用下有較小的層間側位移角與殘餘變形角。
TitleSeismic Performance of Steel Dual-Core SCBs and Braced Frames with BRBs and SCBs
AuthorChung-Che Chou, Ying-Chuan Chen, Dinh-Hai Pham, Vu-Minh Truong, Ping-Ting Chung
KeywordsDual-core self-centering brace (SCB), Buckling-restrained brace (BRB), Cyclic test, Non-linear time history analysis of frames, Residual deformation
AbstractA new steel dual-core self-centering brace(SCB) is developed in Taiwan to have a flag-shaped re-centering hysteretic response under cyclic loads. Axial deformation capacity of the brace is doubled by serial deformations of two sets of tensioning elements arranged in parallel. In this paper, the mechanics of the new brace is first explained, followed by testing one SCB to evaluate its cyclic performance. Finite element analysis is conducted on the specimen to verify the mechanics and hysteretic responses observed in the test. Finite element analyses are also performed on other 16 dual-core SCBs to evaluate how tensioning element types, initial PT force, and friction force affect the cyclic performance of the brace. Additionally, three braced frames of varying heights are designed using two bracing members, SCBs and buckling-restrained braces (BRBs). Nonlinear time history analyses are conducted on these braced frames to obtain seismic demands under both design and maximum considerable levels of earthquake motions and near-field motions. SCB frames generally exhibit a smaller peak interstory drift and residual drift than BRB frames.
標題RC與加強磚造建築物震害等級與結構載重位移曲線之對應關係
作者杜怡萱、王華婉、區麗貞
關鍵字震害，載重位移曲線，鋼筋混凝土，加強磚造
摘要本文針對RC與加強磚造建築物，建議一套新研擬之震害分級判定基準，此基準綜合了整體判定式與詳細判定式流程的優點，以能夠迅速、正確、客觀地於震後進行緊急震害分級為目標。此基準曾透過專業人員問卷方式，驗證其客觀性與對中等程度震害等級的辨識能力，結果顯示其合理可行且較偏保守。本文再以此分級基準對現地試驗校舍試體及三分之一縮尺RC校舍模型振動台試體進行評估，以探討震害等級與結構載重－位移曲線之對應關係，並與內政部現行緊急鑑定基準相互比較，以再次驗證其合理性。結果發現本文震害分級基準與內政部現行基準之判定逼間相符，並提出各種震害等級對應於載重·位移曲線之範圍。
TitleRelationship between Damage States and Load-displacement Curves of RC and Confined Masonry Buildings
AuthorYi-Hsuan Tu, Hwa-Wan Wang, and Lai-Ching Ao
Keywordsearthquake damage, load-displacement curve, reinforced concrete, confined masonry
AbstractAn earthquake damage evaluation procedure that is objective and easy to use for low-rise RC and confined masonry buildings is presented in this paper. The procedure is established by reviewing several existing procedures and integrating their merits. The accuracy of the procedure and its capability of distinguishing the medium damage states were verified by questionnaires to professionals in former research. It was found that the procedure can produce more accurate and conservative result than subjective judgment. In this paper, the procedure is applied to in-situ test and shaking table test specimens to validate the rationality of the evaluation factors and compared with the current damage evaluation procedure used in Taiwan. The comparison shows that the procedure is reasonable and consistent to the current procedure. The relationship between the determined damage states and the load-displacement curve is then summarized from the validation.