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跨產政學研的女科技人聯絡網已經形成，會後展開交流、引導與相互學習，讓多元團隊與包容合作的觀念及能力深植於科技界。
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中華民國結構工程學會 敬啟-11/04/2021
親愛的會員好,
唐獎教育基金會訂於今(110)年11月20日(星期六)下午2時舉辦「唐獎第四屆頒獎典禮」，8位唐獎得主將分別在所屬國家於線上受獎及發表得獎感言，邀請全球觀眾一起見證2020年唐獎得主傑出成就與貢獻，及分享這份榮譽與喜悅。
配合即將登場的第四屆唐獎線上頒獎典禮，基金會訂於11月20日(星期六)及11月27日(星期六)兩天，舉辦8場第四屆唐獎得獎人演講，誠摯地邀請所有關心永續發展、生技醫藥、漢學、法治等議題朋友們，一起聆聽大師們針對生態保育與環境教育、細胞激素基礎研究及自體免疫疾病治療、中國未來走向、及人權、民主與社會正義等議題，提供獨到見解與剖析，多位得主們並將在演講中分享過往推動該領域工作時，如何正向面對挑戰、轉換心態和找尋解決方法的心路歷程。
唐獎教育基金會誠摯邀請您一起感受唐獎得主們的崇高精神、貢獻和遠景，關心地球永續發展，詳細活動資訊，請參考唐獎官網(www.tang-prize.org)及臉書(www.facebook.com/tangprize/)。
頒獎典禮全程線上直播
✐臉書 ️ https://fb.me/e/QcNDZHGR
✐YouTube (英文)️ https://youtu.be/56GwDm3EL0g
YouTube (中文)️ https://youtu.be/lN0ADXBNT-Q
中華民國結構工程學會 敬啟-10/22/2021
「結構工程」季刊第141期(第36卷第3期)
本期期刊為特刊
橋梁工程特刊
客座主編：曾榮川
電子檔已經上線。歡迎會員登入後下載全文。
中文網址: 第36卷第3期 (2021)
英文網址: Vol.36 / No.3 (2021)
若有任何意見歡迎 email 至 csse@csse.org.tw。
Special issue: Bridge engineering
Guest editor: Dzong-Chwang Dzeng
| Title | Planning and Design of AnShin Bridge, the Ankeng LRT System Xindian River Crossing Bridge |
|---|---|
| Author | Teo Eng-Huat, Chang Jhih-Bin, Chang Jung-Tzu |
| Keywords | Cable-Stayed Bridge, Steel Truss Bridge, Wind Tunnel Test |
| Abstract | Ankeng LRT, located in New Taipei City, is a part of the “3 ring & 6 line railway project”. The route goes through Xindian and Ankeng area, and the section crossing Xindian River is the AnShin Bridge. Since the route crossing Xindian River has a skew with the river channel in 41 degrees, and there is a big turn in the Xindian side in order to enter the K9 station, it makes distance crossing river over 500 m. Moreover, there is a restriction which allows only 2 piers in the Xindian river reservation. In order to fulfill the requirement of the hydrographic as well as the railway system, a cable-stayed and truss composite bridge is used, which is the first in Taiwan and are seldom used in the foreign as well. AnShin Bridge crosses the deep trench area with a big span, a three-span continuous truss girder is used (225m+150m+127m=502m) for the bridge, not only can fulfill the deflection restriction of the railway structure, but also can keep the deformation continuity of the rail and structure at the curve route section. Since the location of the pier is restricted, the A-shaped inclined tower with single pier and the arrangement of the cable was well designed to surmount the imbalanced force due to unbalanced span. Last but not least, the analysis and modeling of the cable-stayed bridge with truss girder, the design detail of the curve and gradient steel truss, and the extra consideration for the railway bridge are some of the design features of AnShin Bridge which is different from the usual. The Anshin Bridge are special not only in the scale, span and design features, but also in the steel details and construction challenge. The design of AnShin Bridge is carried out in this article, some railway bridge design feature including seismic design, wind resistance design as well as the structural detail are also introduced, provide as a reference for the future engineering related project. |
| Title | Planning, Design and Construction of the Sanying Second Bridge in New Taipei City |
|---|---|
| Author | Kang-Yu Peng, Ming-Sing Wu, Tien-Jen Hsiao |
| Keywords | Adjacent precast PC inverted T-beam, Accelerating Bridge Construction, Construction crossing over the railroad |
| Abstract | In recent years, New Taipei City Government has made great efforts to develop various constructions and promote tourism. The rapid growth of traffic volume in Tucheng District, Shulin District, Sanxia District and Yingge District must be actively responded and improved, facing the factors such as urgency of transportation construction, road safety requirements, bottleneck section improvement and the demands for access roads to tourism-developing districts. Among other things, the Sanying Bridge is an important one connecting Yingge and Shulin to Sanxia City Road No.110 and Sanying Interchange of National Highway No. 3. As the current service level of traffic has reached F-level during peak hours, in order to actively improve the traffic bottleneck, New Taipei City Government promotes the construction of the Sanying Second Bridge (hereinafter referred to as this project) to connect the 40m road (Dayi Road) in the Designated Area of Taipei University to share the traffic flow of City Road No. 110 and the Sanying Bridge. The planned route of the Sanying Second Bridge connects City Road No. 114 in a turning manner after crossing National Highway No. 3, the Dahan River and the track of Taiwan Railway. It adopts the first domestic inverted T-shaped, precast and prestressed beam to strive for the clearance under the bridge and to boost construction to ensure maintaining smooth traffic of national highway. By using large-span steel box girder for the bridge to cross the Dahan River and the track of Taiwan Railway, the design overcomes the risks of construction during the flood season and railway adjacency. This article aims to provide the design considerations and construction experience of this project which is expected to give a constructive reference to the domestic construction community. |
| Title | Development of Computer-aid Design System for Prestressed Concrete Bridges Considering Weight-minimum |
|---|---|
| Author | Guan-Chun Chen, Po-Hsin Lee, Guan-yu Sung, Jia-Hsuan Li, Chih-Hsing Peng, Zheng-Hong Chen, Yu-Chi Sung |
| Keywords | Prestressed concrete bridges; Weight-minimum design; Program development |
| Abstract | Based on the specifications of railway bridges and highway bridges, this study developed the computer-aid design system for weight-minimum of prestressed concrete railway bridges. Creep, shrinkage, and relaxation would cause variation of the prestress tendons and deflection of the structure, leading to a lot of analyses in design. Through the computer-aid design system, complicated analysis can be performed quickly to obtain results, reduce human errors, and improve design efficiency.The results show that the optimized section is valid for reducing the superstructure section area by around 20 % and reducing the area of the pier section by around 2.5%.” |
| Title | Seismic Performance Design of New RC Bridges subjected to Near-Fault Earthquakes |
|---|---|
| Author | Kuang-Yen Liu, Chen-Yang Wu |
| Keywords | high-strength concrete, bridge column, near-fault earthquake, strain rate, seismic performance assessment |
| Abstract | This study adopts the stress-strain relationship of localized high-strength reinforced concrete to explore the effect of replacing general-strength concrete with high-strength concrete on the reduction of the cross-sectional dimensions of the bridge column and the amount of steel under the same superstructure load. Case analysis shows that the increase in material strength reduces the crosssection of the bridge column, resulting in an extension of the structural period and a decrease in seismic force, which further achieves the dual goal of reducing the main reinforcement of the bridge column. In addition, when the bridge site is located near the fault, if conventional and high-strength reinforced concrete materials are used, and the contribution of the speed pulse to the high strain rate and the enhancement of the material strength is incorporated, it can also effectively reduce the cross-section of the bridge column and save the amount of main reinforcements. The design results adopt the ATC-40 capacity seismic spectrum method and the Fu-R-T strength and ductility reduction method, and the seismic performance assessment are consistent, verifying that the crosssectional size and the amount of steel reinforcement of the high-strength concrete bridge column are more economical. |
| Title | Effects of Longitudinal Reinforcement and Aspect Ratios on Deteriorated Hysteresis Behaviors of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns |
|---|---|
| Author | Ping-Hsiung Wang, Wei-Chung Cheng, Kuo-Chun Chang |
| Keywords | reinforced concrete, bridge column, longitudinal reinforcement, aspect ratio, hysteresis behavior, deteriorations |
| Abstract | To study the effects of longitudinal reinforcement and aspect ratios on the deteriorated hysteresis behaviors of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns, five rectangular RC column specimens with hoop and tie reinforcements are tested under cyclic loading considering longitudinal reinforcement ratios of 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3.0% and aspect ratios of 3, 6, and 10. Furthermore, another five circular RC columns with spiral reinforcement and similar test scheme obtained in the literature are included to further compare the differences of deterioration characteristics resulting from various confining mechanisms. Test results show that the stiffness degradation and pinching severity of column would increase as its longitudinal reinforcement decreases. The pinching severity of column would also increase with decreasing aspect ratio, but the stiffness degradation is barely affected by the aspect ratio. Moreover, due to the well confinement effects, the severity of deteriorations of circular columns are less than those of rectangular columns with the same longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the minimum transverse reinforcements required by seismic design codes. Besides, the failure of rectangular columns is mainly caused by the loosening of transverse reinforcements at seismic hooks, leading to gradually deteriorated confinement and strength. In contrast, the failure of circular columns is primarily induced by the fracture of spirals, resulting in destruction of confinement mechanism and sudden strength loss. |
| Title | Recommendations of Pushover Analysis and 𝑭𝒖- 𝑹- 𝑻 method for Bridge Seismic Capacity Evaluation and its Algorithm |
|---|---|
| Author | Dzong-Chwang Dzeng, Dzong-Chwang Dzeng, Ching-Yu Liu, Tsan-Hsiang Chou |
| Keywords | dynamic time history analysis, pushover analysis, capacity curve, capacity spectrum curve, bilinearization, EPA (Effective Peak Acceleration) |
| Abstract | While the approach combined pushover analysis with 𝐹௨- 𝑅- 𝑇 process is universally adopted in examination and evaluation of seismic capacity for domestic bridge, there are still many aspects to be reviewed, clarified, expanded and improved to further recognize its applicability and variation and to ensure the reliability of the analyzed results. This work presents an algorithm expanding the period 𝑇 at the end of constant spetral design acceleration plateau to obtain the 𝐸𝑃𝐴 (effective peak acceleration) corresponding to any spectrum displacement 𝑆ௗ ), establishing the continuous 𝐸𝑃𝐴 and load condition curve (e.g. displacement and plastic hinge ductility ratio) and verifying its applicability and reliability by comparing the results of simplified regular bridge model analysis with nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis. Combining this continuous EPA and load condition curve with seismic hazard at bridge site, it could be the basis for quantified calculation of bride seismic risk costs and the benefits of retrofit. In addition, this work also studies and reviews the bilinearization method of capacity spectrum curve. It proves that a much greater seismic capacity would be obtained by the “non-elastoplastic bi-linearization method” than the “elastoplastic bi-linearization method” . It should be cautious in practical applications. |
| Title | Hysteretic Model Parameters with Using Support Vector Regression |
|---|---|
| Author | Tzu-Kang Lin, Tzu-Hui Yang, Hao-Tun Chang, Ping-Hsiung Wang, Kuo-Chun Chang |
| Keywords | support vector regression, smooth hysteretic model, pinching, stiffness degradation |
| Abstract | This study developed artificial intelligence–based models for predicting smooth hysteretic model (SHM) parameters. Recently, an SHM based on the Bouc–Wen model was developed to determine damage accumulation and path dependence of reloading. The model comprises five main parameters that describe the seismic behavior of ductile, flexure-dominated reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns. However, each time-variant parameter can be derived only through practical experiments and cannot be tested on actual structures; therefore, the SHM is not very practical. In this study, support-vector regression (SVR) was adopted to capitalize on the advantages of the developed SHM, which exhibits superior performance to other existing hysteresis models. Nine different RC bridge columns were tested under displacement time histories, and a total of 119 samples were acquired. Of the samples, 80% were used for training and the remaining 20% were used for testing. The longitudinal reinforcement ratio, aspect ratio, and displacement or residual displacement of individual columns were set as the inputs to the SVR models, and the pinching and stiffness degradation parameters were set as the model output. Time-variant parameters could be predicted accurately with low deviation and error percentages. Moreover, hysteresis loops were generated using the identification parameters, and the SVR prediction results were compared with experimental data. The results indicated that the seismic behavior of the RC bridge columns could be estimated with high reliability using the proposed method without the support of experimental progress and support the SHM to predict the degree of damage. “ |
橋梁工程特刊
客座主編：曾榮川
| 標題 | 安坑輕軌線跨新店溪安心橋之橋梁配置與設計 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 張英發、張志斌 、張容慈 |
| 關鍵字 | 斜張橋、鋼桁架橋、風洞試驗 |
| 摘要 | 安坑輕軌計畫位於新北市，為政府積極推動之三環六線之一，路線行經 新店及安坑地區，其中跨越新店溪部分之橋梁即為安心橋。因此處路線與新 店溪河道以41度角度斜交，並於新店端設置一處轉彎以便進入K9車站(十四 張站)，使得跨越行水區長度長達500公尺，另受限於行水區內僅能設置兩處 橋墩之限制，在橋梁跨度、高度及橋墩斷面尺寸及型式皆須符合軌道系統以 及防洪水利需求條件下，安心橋採用國內首見且國外亦少有案例之複合式 斜張鋼桁架橋。 安坑輕軌安心橋以大跨度不落墩的方式跨越深槽區，採用三跨連續桁 架主梁之配置（225m+150m+127m=502m），除可滿足軌道結構物對於變位 的要求外，亦可維持轉彎段軌道與結構變位的一致性。本橋受限於橋墩位置 ，採用單柱式A型傾斜橋塔及雙索面鋼索配置，克服長短跨徑差異產生的不 平衡力影響，達到力與美的設計目標。此外，桁架主梁搭配斜張橋之分析與 模擬，以及轉彎段與漸變段之鋼桁架設計細節，加上軌道橋梁在設計上須考 量的項目，均為本橋有別於一般大跨度橋梁之設計特點。 安心橋不論在規模、跨距、量體、工程難度等，均屬國內軌道橋梁首見 ，本文除就安心橋之規劃設計做整體敘述外，也將針對軌道橋梁所需考量之 耐震設計、耐風設計以及構造細節等議題逐一介紹，以提供未來相關工程參 考。 |
| Title | Planning and Design of AnShin Bridge, the Ankeng LRT System Xindian River Crossing Bridge |
|---|---|
| Author | Teo Eng-Huat, Chang Jhih-Bin, Chang Jung-Tzu |
| Keywords | Cable-Stayed Bridge, Steel Truss Bridge, Wind Tunnel Test |
| Abstract | Ankeng LRT, located in New Taipei City, is a part of the “3 ring & 6 line railway project”. The route goes through Xindian and Ankeng area, and the section crossing Xindian River is the AnShin Bridge. Since the route crossing Xindian River has a skew with the river channel in 41 degrees, and there is a big turn in the Xindian side in order to enter the K9 station, it makes distance crossing river over 500 m. Moreover, there is a restriction which allows only 2 piers in the Xindian river reservation. In order to fulfill the requirement of the hydrographic as well as the railway system, a cable-stayed and truss composite bridge is used, which is the first in Taiwan and are seldom used in the foreign as well. AnShin Bridge crosses the deep trench area with a big span, a three-span continuous truss girder is used (225m+150m+127m=502m) for the bridge, not only can fulfill the deflection restriction of the railway structure, but also can keep the deformation continuity of the rail and structure at the curve route section. Since the location of the pier is restricted, the A-shaped inclined tower with single pier and the arrangement of the cable was well designed to surmount the imbalanced force due to unbalanced span. Last but not least, the analysis and modeling of the cable-stayed bridge with truss girder, the design detail of the curve and gradient steel truss, and the extra consideration for the railway bridge are some of the design features of AnShin Bridge which is different from the usual. The Anshin Bridge are special not only in the scale, span and design features, but also in the steel details and construction challenge. The design of AnShin Bridge is carried out in this article, some railway bridge design feature including seismic design, wind resistance design as well as the structural detail are also introduced, provide as a reference for the future engineering related project. |
| 標題 | 新北市三鶯二橋新建工程之規劃設計與施工 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 彭康瑜 、吳明興 、蕭天任 |
| 關鍵字 | 密排倒T型預鑄預力梁、橋梁快速施工、跨越鐵路施工 |
| 摘要 | 近年來新北市政府極力發展各項建設及推動觀光，土城區、樹林區、三 峽區及鶯歌區之交通量成長快速，面對交通建設急迫性、道路安全需求性、 瓶頸路段改善及觀光發展區聯外道路需求等因素，必須積極因應與改善。其 中，三鶯大橋為鶯歌與樹林通往三峽市道110與國道3號三鶯交流道之重要 聯絡橋梁，由於現況交通服務水準尖峰時間已達到F級，為積極改善此交通 瓶頸，新北市政府推動三鶯二橋新建工程（以下稱本工程），銜接台北大學 特定區內之40m道路（大義路），以分擔市道110及三鶯大橋之車流。 三鶯二橋的規劃路線，於穿越國道3號、跨越大漢溪及台鐵軌道後，以 迴轉方式銜接市道114，在穿越國道路段，採用國內首創倒T型預鑄預力梁， 爭取橋下淨高並加速橋梁施工，確保國道交通維持的順暢。跨越大漢溪與台 鐵軌道，採大跨徑鋼箱型梁橋設計，克服汛期與鄰接鐵路施工的風險。本文 旨在提出本工程的設計考量與施工經驗，期對國內工程界有一建設性的參考。 |
| Title | Planning, Design and Construction of the Sanying Second Bridge in New Taipei City |
|---|---|
| Author | Kang-Yu Peng, Ming-Sing Wu, Tien-Jen Hsiao |
| Keywords | Adjacent precast PC inverted T-beam, Accelerating Bridge Construction, Construction crossing over the railroad |
| Abstract | In recent years, New Taipei City Government has made great efforts to develop various constructions and promote tourism. The rapid growth of traffic volume in Tucheng District, Shulin District, Sanxia District and Yingge District must be actively responded and improved, facing the factors such as urgency of transportation construction, road safety requirements, bottleneck section improvement and the demands for access roads to tourism-developing districts. Among other things, the Sanying Bridge is an important one connecting Yingge and Shulin to Sanxia City Road No.110 and Sanying Interchange of National Highway No. 3. As the current service level of traffic has reached F-level during peak hours, in order to actively improve the traffic bottleneck, New Taipei City Government promotes the construction of the Sanying Second Bridge (hereinafter referred to as this project) to connect the 40m road (Dayi Road) in the Designated Area of Taipei University to share the traffic flow of City Road No. 110 and the Sanying Bridge. The planned route of the Sanying Second Bridge connects City Road No. 114 in a turning manner after crossing National Highway No. 3, the Dahan River and the track of Taiwan Railway. It adopts the first domestic inverted T-shaped, precast and prestressed beam to strive for the clearance under the bridge and to boost construction to ensure maintaining smooth traffic of national highway. By using large-span steel box girder for the bridge to cross the Dahan River and the track of Taiwan Railway, the design overcomes the risks of construction during the flood season and railway adjacency. This article aims to provide the design considerations and construction experience of this project which is expected to give a constructive reference to the domestic construction community. |
| 標題 | 預力橋梁結構檢核與輕量化設計輔助介面開發 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 陳冠淳 、李柏辛 、宋冠諭 、李家萱、 彭知行 、陳正鴻 、宋裕祺 |
| 關鍵字 | 預力混凝土橋梁、輕量化設計、程式開發 |
| 摘要 | 預力混凝土橋梁在施工期間與完工後，或因採用工法不同、或因混凝土 潛變乾縮及預力鋼腱鬆弛等特性導致結構應力與撓度具備時變特性，結構 設計時須能考量此些過程，確認造成構件可能發生最大應力究係發生於各 施工階段或完工使用階段，乃至於是受何種因素影響所及，方能獲得合理的 設計成果。為能執行此一設計程序，大量的分析工作實不可避免，設計輔助 介面開發亦屬需要。 本研究係依據鐵路橋梁設計規範、鐵路橋梁耐震設計規範、公路橋梁設 計規範與公路橋梁耐震設計規範，建立預力混凝土橋梁之檢核與輕量化輔 助設計介面，並說明此介面計算原理與流程。為有效降低輕軌捷運橋梁斷面 尺寸，本研究依逃生走道需求及橋梁電力設施、隔音牆配置等，提出中路式 箱型梁斷面，作為輕量化方案進行有限元素模型分析與設計，並與實際案例 進行比較。透過本檢核與輕量化輔助設計介面可以大量執行繁複的分析工 作，可以減少人為錯誤與檢核時間、提高設計效率、供使用者快速得到設計 檢核結果、提升操作便利性。分析結果顯示，中路式箱型梁斷面在該案例中 ，上部結構斷面積減少約20%，橋柱斷面積則減少約2.5%。 |
| Title | Development of Computer-aid Design System for Prestressed Concrete Bridges Considering Weight-minimum |
|---|---|
| Author | Guan-Chun Chen, Po-Hsin Lee, Guan-yu Sung, Jia-Hsuan Li, Chih-Hsing Peng, Zheng-Hong Chen, Yu-Chi Sung |
| Keywords | Prestressed concrete bridges; Weight-minimum design; Program development |
| Abstract | Based on the specifications of railway bridges and highway bridges, this study developed the computer-aid design system for weight-minimum of prestressed concrete railway bridges. Creep, shrinkage, and relaxation would cause variation of the prestress tendons and deflection of the structure, leading to a lot of analyses in design. Through the computer-aid design system, complicated analysis can be performed quickly to obtain results, reduce human errors, and improve design efficiency.The results show that the optimized section is valid for reducing the superstructure section area by around 20 % and reducing the area of the pier section by around 2.5%.” |
| 標題 | 應用高強度鋼筋混凝土於斷層近域橋梁之耐震性能設計 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 劉光晏 、吳振揚 |
| 關鍵字 | 高強度鋼筋混凝土、橋柱、近斷層地震、應變率、耐震性能檢核 |
| 摘要 | 本研究採用本土化之高強度鋼筋混凝土受圍束之應力應變關係，探討 高強度混凝土取代一般強度混凝土後，在相同的上部結構載重作用下，對於 橋柱斷面尺寸與鋼筋用量縮減之影響。案例分析顯示，因材料強度提升後使 橋柱斷面縮小，造成結構周期延長與地震力下降，進一步達到橋柱主筋減量 的雙重目標。此外，當橋梁工址位於斷層近域，如採用一般強度或高強度鋼 筋混凝土材料，並納入速度脈衝引致高應變率來提升材料強度之貢獻，亦可 有效縮減橋柱斷面及節省主筋量。設計成果採用ATC-40容量震譜法與Fu-RT強度韌性折減法，耐震性能檢核均符合，驗證高強度混凝土橋柱之斷面尺寸與鋼筋量更具經濟性。 |
| Title | Seismic Performance Design of New RC Bridges subjected to Near-Fault Earthquakes |
|---|---|
| Author | Kuang-Yen Liu, Chen-Yang Wu |
| Keywords | high-strength concrete, bridge column, near-fault earthquake, strain rate, seismic performance assessment |
| Abstract | This study adopts the stress-strain relationship of localized high-strength reinforced concrete to explore the effect of replacing general-strength concrete with high-strength concrete on the reduction of the cross-sectional dimensions of the bridge column and the amount of steel under the same superstructure load. Case analysis shows that the increase in material strength reduces the crosssection of the bridge column, resulting in an extension of the structural period and a decrease in seismic force, which further achieves the dual goal of reducing the main reinforcement of the bridge column. In addition, when the bridge site is located near the fault, if conventional and high-strength reinforced concrete materials are used, and the contribution of the speed pulse to the high strain rate and the enhancement of the material strength is incorporated, it can also effectively reduce the cross-section of the bridge column and save the amount of main reinforcements. The design results adopt the ATC-40 capacity seismic spectrum method and the Fu-R-T strength and ductility reduction method, and the seismic performance assessment are consistent, verifying that the crosssectional size and the amount of steel reinforcement of the high-strength concrete bridge column are more economical. |
| 標題 | 縱向鋼筋比及高寬比對鋼筋混凝土橋柱遲滯衰減行為之影響 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 王柄雄 、鄭維中 、張國鎮 |
| 關鍵字 | 鋼筋混凝土、橋柱、縱向鋼筋、高寬比、遲滯行為、衰減 |
| 摘要 | 為了解縱向鋼筋比及高寬比對鋼筋混凝土橋柱遲滯衰減行為之影響， 本研究規劃五座矩形橫箍筋橋柱之反覆載重試驗，考慮之縱向鋼筋比為 0.75%、1.5%及3.0%，橋柱之高寬比為3、6及10。再加上文獻相關圓形螺箍 筋橋柱之試驗結果，以綜合探討不同斷面圍束型式及設計參數對多項結構 性質之衰減特性，如強度衰減、勁度折減及束縮行為之影響。試驗結果顯示 ，橋柱之勁度折減程度及加載路徑之束縮嚴重程度，皆會隨著縱向鋼筋比的 降低而趨於嚴重；而高寬比對勁度折減之影響不甚明顯，但加載路徑之束縮 效應則是會隨著高寬比的降低而趨於嚴重。此外，在相同的縱向鋼筋比及滿 足耐震設計規範最低橫向鋼筋用量的前提下，圓形螺箍柱因有較好的圍束 作用，其衰減幅度會比矩形橫箍柱來的輕微。在試體破壞模式的比較方面， 矩形橫箍柱主要因其箍繫筋之彎鉤外撐鬆脫以致圍束失效，而產生漸進式 的強度衰減破壞；圓形螺箍柱則為螺箍筋發揮至極限應變斷裂以致圍束機 制崩解，而發生急遽的強度損失破壞。 |
| Title | Effects of Longitudinal Reinforcement and Aspect Ratios on Deteriorated Hysteresis Behaviors of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns |
|---|---|
| Author | Ping-Hsiung Wang, Wei-Chung Cheng, Kuo-Chun Chang |
| Keywords | reinforced concrete, bridge column, longitudinal reinforcement, aspect ratio, hysteresis behavior, deteriorations |
| Abstract | To study the effects of longitudinal reinforcement and aspect ratios on the deteriorated hysteresis behaviors of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns, five rectangular RC column specimens with hoop and tie reinforcements are tested under cyclic loading considering longitudinal reinforcement ratios of 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3.0% and aspect ratios of 3, 6, and 10. Furthermore, another five circular RC columns with spiral reinforcement and similar test scheme obtained in the literature are included to further compare the differences of deterioration characteristics resulting from various confining mechanisms. Test results show that the stiffness degradation and pinching severity of column would increase as its longitudinal reinforcement decreases. The pinching severity of column would also increase with decreasing aspect ratio, but the stiffness degradation is barely affected by the aspect ratio. Moreover, due to the well confinement effects, the severity of deteriorations of circular columns are less than those of rectangular columns with the same longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the minimum transverse reinforcements required by seismic design codes. Besides, the failure of rectangular columns is mainly caused by the loosening of transverse reinforcements at seismic hooks, leading to gradually deteriorated confinement and strength. In contrast, the failure of circular columns is primarily induced by the fracture of spirals, resulting in destruction of confinement mechanism and sudden strength loss. |
| 標題 | 側推分析暨𝐹௨- 𝑅- 𝑇法於橋梁耐震評估強化及其演算法之建議 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 曾榮川 、黃鎮齊 、劉靖俞 、周贊翔 |
| 關鍵字 | 動力歷時分析、側推分析、容量曲線、容量譜曲線、雙線性化、 EPA(有效最大地表加速度) |
| 摘要 | 側推分析暨Fu‐R‐T法目前為國內橋梁耐震能力檢核或評估所普遍採用， 但在實務應用上仍有多方面待檢討釐清及擴充強化，以進一步了解此方法 的適用性及變異性，確保分析評估結果的可靠度。本文提出了對水平譜加速 度係數短、中週期分界T0的擴充，以及求得譜位移Sd對應之EPA(有效最大地 表加速度)的演算法，建立連續的EPA與受力狀況(如位移、塑鉸韌性比等)曲 線，並經由規則橋梁簡化模型的案例分析，與非線性動力歷時分析結果比較 檢討，確認其適用性與可靠度。利用此一連續的EPA與受力狀況曲線，結合 橋址處的地震危害度，可作為量化計算橋梁震害風險成本或補強效益的依 據基礎。除此外，本文也針對容量譜曲線雙線性化方法的研析檢討，證明了 採用「非彈塑性雙線性化」方法，將會得到較「彈塑性雙線性化」方法為高 的橋梁耐震能力，且有相當幅度，在實務應用上須謹慎注意。 |
| Title | Recommendations of Pushover Analysis and 𝑭𝒖- 𝑹- 𝑻 method for Bridge Seismic Capacity Evaluation and its Algorithm |
|---|---|
| Author | Dzong-Chwang Dzeng, Dzong-Chwang Dzeng, Ching-Yu Liu, Tsan-Hsiang Chou |
| Keywords | dynamic time history analysis, pushover analysis, capacity curve, capacity spectrum curve, bilinearization, EPA (Effective Peak Acceleration) |
| Abstract | While the approach combined pushover analysis with 𝐹௨- 𝑅- 𝑇 process is universally adopted in examination and evaluation of seismic capacity for domestic bridge, there are still many aspects to be reviewed, clarified, expanded and improved to further recognize its applicability and variation and to ensure the reliability of the analyzed results. This work presents an algorithm expanding the period 𝑇 at the end of constant spetral design acceleration plateau to obtain the 𝐸𝑃𝐴 (effective peak acceleration) corresponding to any spectrum displacement 𝑆ௗ ), establishing the continuous 𝐸𝑃𝐴 and load condition curve (e.g. displacement and plastic hinge ductility ratio) and verifying its applicability and reliability by comparing the results of simplified regular bridge model analysis with nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis. Combining this continuous EPA and load condition curve with seismic hazard at bridge site, it could be the basis for quantified calculation of bride seismic risk costs and the benefits of retrofit. In addition, this work also studies and reviews the bilinearization method of capacity spectrum curve. It proves that a much greater seismic capacity would be obtained by the “non-elastoplastic bi-linearization method” than the “elastoplastic bi-linearization method” . It should be cautious in practical applications. |
| 標題 | 以支持向量回歸法預測平滑遲滯模型參數之研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 林子剛 、楊子慧 、張皓惇 、王柄雄 、張國鎮 |
| 關鍵字 | 支持向量機，支持向量回歸，平滑遲滯模型，勁度衰減，束縮 |
| 摘要 | 本研究開發一套以人工智慧為基礎的模型，將其用於預測平滑遲滯模 型(Smooth Hysteretic Model, SHM)的相關參數。近年來以Bouc-Wen模型為 基礎的平滑遲滯模型常被用於判定損害累積與遲滯迴圈的加載路徑，該類 模型包含五種主要參數，這些參數用以描述受撓曲為主的鋼筋混凝土 (Reinforced Concrete, RC)橋柱之耐震性能。其中，與時間變化相關的參數， 僅能透過實驗取得，但實際上無法頻繁使用真實結構物進行試驗，進而影響 平滑遲滯模型的實用性。雖然平滑遲滯模型的方便性有待商榷，但其性能表 現優於其他現有的遲滯模型，因此本研究試以支持向量回歸法(supportvector regression, SVR)，結合人工智慧與平滑遲滯模型的優勢，開發一套更 加完善之遲滯模型，以利橋梁震損與耐震性評估。研究資料取自近年來進行 實驗之九座不同RC橋柱，樣本資料共有119筆勁度衰減參數與81筆束縮參數資料。並以80%資料進行訓練，其餘20%資料用於測試。將各橋柱的主筋比 、高寬比、位移及殘餘位移做為輸入參數，透過支持向量回歸法，預測出該 橋柱之勁度衰減與束縮參數。該方法能在低誤差的情況下，精準預測各項時變參數。最後，將分別以支持向量回歸法預測之參數，與實驗數據識別之參 數繪製之遲滯迴圈進行比較。分析結果表明，利用本研究所提出之方法，可 以進行可靠的橋柱耐震性預測，無須進行繁雜的實驗流程，即可達成協助平滑遲滯模型預測橋柱之震損程度與耐震特性。 |
| Title | Hysteretic Model Parameters with Using Support Vector Regression |
|---|---|
| Author | Tzu-Kang Lin, Tzu-Hui Yang, Hao-Tun Chang, Ping-Hsiung Wang, Kuo-Chun Chang |
| Keywords | support vector regression, smooth hysteretic model, pinching, stiffness degradation |
| Abstract | This study developed artificial intelligence–based models for predicting smooth hysteretic model (SHM) parameters. Recently, an SHM based on the Bouc–Wen model was developed to determine damage accumulation and path dependence of reloading. The model comprises five main parameters that describe the seismic behavior of ductile, flexure-dominated reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns. However, each time-variant parameter can be derived only through practical experiments and cannot be tested on actual structures; therefore, the SHM is not very practical. In this study, support-vector regression (SVR) was adopted to capitalize on the advantages of the developed SHM, which exhibits superior performance to other existing hysteresis models. Nine different RC bridge columns were tested under displacement time histories, and a total of 119 samples were acquired. Of the samples, 80% were used for training and the remaining 20% were used for testing. The longitudinal reinforcement ratio, aspect ratio, and displacement or residual displacement of individual columns were set as the inputs to the SVR models, and the pinching and stiffness degradation parameters were set as the model output. Time-variant parameters could be predicted accurately with low deviation and error percentages. Moreover, hysteresis loops were generated using the identification parameters, and the SVR prediction results were compared with experimental data. The results indicated that the seismic behavior of the RC bridge columns could be estimated with high reliability using the proposed method without the support of experimental progress and support the SHM to predict the degree of damage. “ |
「結構工程」季刊第140期(第36卷第2期)
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中文網址: 第36卷第2期 (2021)
英文網址: Vol.36 / No.2 (2021)
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| 標題 | 長跨桁架圍束式挫屈束制支撐之研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 陳雋、林昱成、吳安傑、陳律安、蔡克銓 |
| 關鍵字 | 挫屈束制支撐、巨型斜撐、桁架圍束單元、撓曲剛度、剪力剛度、 穩定性分析 |
| 摘要 | 跨越多樓層之挫屈束制支撐在高層建築結構中的抗震應用漸趨廣泛，桁架圍束式挫屈束制支撐（truss-confined buckling-restrained brace, TC-BRB） 為較新型之 BRB，TC-BRB 於圍束鋼管外部再配置一桁架圍束系統，由任意數量、方向與尺寸之桁架構架所構成，並與圍束鋼管共組成圍束單元來提供所需之撓曲剛度；因此其圍束鋼管與內灌水泥砂漿的撓曲剛度與斷面需求得以大幅下降。當安裝為具長跨與高軸力容量之斜撐構件時，更得以發揮減少材料用量、自重及初始凹曲等優點。本研究提出一全新型 TC-BRB，將桁架圍束系統之斷面高度由過去的等斷面改為沿 BRB 軸向變化，於跨中央最高並以正弦函數曲線向兩端漸縮，更有效率地使用材料並獲更優美之外觀。為使此新創型 BRB 方便實際工程應用，本研究建立穩定性理論模型與耐震設計方法並進行相關實驗與數值驗證。先提出桁架圍束系統等效撓曲剛度與剪力剛度計算方式，再建立穩定性理論模型。考量剪力效應計算 TC-BRB 之整體彈性撓曲挫屈強度（Pcr）；並再考量初始缺陷與材料非線性行為來計算整體挫屈破壞強度（Plim）。本研究並藉 ABAQUS 有限元素模型分析進行數值驗證，結果顯示理論模型在圍束單元的 Pcr 計算上，誤差小於 10%；而於整體 TC-BRB 的 Pcr 計算上，誤差更小於 3%。為驗證理論並評估 TC-BRB 之實際遲滯消能行為，本研究第一階段設計並新造兩組具不同桁架圍束系統型態、1/5 縮尺總長 6.3 米、100 噸級之 TC-BRB 試體，利用國家地震工程研究中心多軸向試驗系統執行反覆加載試驗。理論模型考量殘餘應力的效應後，預測所得 Plim 與試驗結果的誤差小於 6%；實驗證實本研究所建理論模型於穩定性預測之準確性，更證實本研究所提之設計方法與檢核程序的可靠性。為觀察 TC-BRB 更嚴峻的耐震消能與穩定性表現，本研究第二階段再設計兩組 TC-BRB 試體並提高其整體穩定性容量，理論預測的 Plim 與試驗所得結果兩者誤差小於 7%，再次確認所提理論模型之準確性；本文提供 TC-BRB 之耐震設計流程與範例以供參考。 |
| Title | Long-Span Buckling-Restrained Braces using Truss-Confined Restrainers |
|---|---|
| Author | Chun Chen, Yu-Cheng Lin, An-Chien Wu, Lu-An Chen, Keh-Chyuan Tsai |
| Keywords | buckling-restrained brace, mega brace, truss-confined restrainer, flexural rigidity, shear rigidity, stability analysis |
| Abstract | Long span buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) are getting popular for applications in seismic tall buildings. Recently, a novel type of BRB, namely the truss-confined BRB (TC-BRB) with a constant-depth truss built into the restrainerhas been investigated. The TC-BRB’s restrainer is constructed by attaching an additional truss system composed of several steel open-web truss frames outside the central steel casing in order to develop the overall restraining rigidity. Thus, the cross-sectionof the central steel casing and the weight of the infilled mortar in the TC-BRB can be significantly reduced in comparison with the conventional BRBs. The initial crookedness caused by the BRBs’ self-weight can also be reduced in the cases of long-span and large axial capacity BRB designs. This study investigates a new type of TC-BRB using a varying-depth truss system in the restrainers. This type of TC-BRB could save construction material and achieve the structural aesthetic more effectively than those using the constant-depth trusses. In this study, stability analytical model and seismic design procedures are developed and verified. Key mechanical properties including equivalent flexural rigidity and shear rigidity of the truss system are firstly presented. It is illustrated that the TC-BRBs’ elastic flexural buckling strength (Pcr) can be satisfactorily computed by incorporating Timoshenko shear effect into the classical stability theory. TC-BRBs’s buckling failure strength (Plim) can be further computed by considering the initial imperfections and inelastic material property.Abaqus finite element model (FEM) analysis results indicate that the proposed analytical model can satisfactorily predict the restrainers’ Pcr with errors less than 10%; and predict the TC-BRBs’ Pcr with errors less than 3%. In the first phase experiment, two 1/5-scale TC-BRB specimens, each of 6.3m long with the 1016-kN nominal yield strength anda constant- or varying-depth truss design, were tested in NCREE. Cyclic test results confirm that the Plim of the two TC-BRB specimens can be accurately predicted using the proposed analytical model with errors less than 6% when the effects of residual stresses in the truss members are considered. In the second phase experiment, two additional specimens were fabricated with significantly increased stability capacities. Cyclic test results show that the Plim of these two specimens can also be accurately predicted with the errors less than 7%, further confirm the reliability of the proposed analytical model. The TC-BRBs’ experimental performance also suggests that the proposed design procedures are generally conservative and practical. This study concludes with the recommendations, produres and examples on the seismic design of the proposed TC-BRBs using the constant- or varying-depth trussses. |
| 標題 | 非定值軸力作用下含組合繫筋 RC 柱之耐震性能 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 李台光、陳正誠 |
| 關鍵字 | 組合繫筋、搭接長度、軸拉力、RC柱、耐震性能 |
| 摘要 | 組合繫筋為由兩支一端為180度彎鉤另一端為直線的J形鋼筋搭接組合而成。本研究完成4座大尺寸鋼筋混凝土柱試體之反復側向載重試驗，探討非定值軸力作用下含組合繫筋RC柱之耐震性能。研究結果顯示：(1)非定值軸力作用下，使用180度彎鉤一體繫筋(兩端使用180度彎鉤之一體繫筋)之試體承受軸壓力之韌性(塑性轉角)表現最佳，使用組合繫筋之試體次之，使用傳統繫筋(一端具有135度彎鉤，而另一端為90度彎鉤之繫筋)之試體韌性表 現最差；(2)不論使用組合繫筋、180度彎鉤一體繫筋或傳統繫筋之RC柱試體，承受軸拉力之韌性表現優於承受軸壓力之韌性表現；(3)僅承受軸壓力之柱，當柱軸力比小於30%時，可採用組合繫筋取代傳統繫筋；(4)建築結構內柱承受較大之軸壓力，當柱在地震過程中僅承受軸壓力，且柱軸力比大於30%時，此時使用組合繫筋不但可以合乎規範要求且施工容易；(5)當柱在地震過程中承受反復軸力(即軸壓力及軸拉力)時，一般而言此種情形之 柱軸力比小於30%，此時可以採用組合繫筋取代傳統繫筋。 |
| Title | The seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns using the lap-spliced crosstie with various axial load |
|---|---|
| Author | Tai-Kuang Lee, Cheng-Cheng Chen |
| Keywords | lap-spliced crosstie, lap splice length, axial tension, RC columns, seismic performance |
| Abstract | A lap-spliced crosstie consists of two J-shaped steel bars (rebars) that have a straight end and an end featuring a 180° hook. In this study, the cyclic lateral load test of four large-scale reinforced concrete columns with axial force proportional to the lateral force was conducted to discuss the seismic performance of RC columns with lap-spliced crossties and investigate the axial tension load effect. The research results are presented as follows: (a) The seismic performance of the specimens that adopted lap-spliced crossties is superior to that of the specimen using conventional crossties and worse than that of the specimen using crossties featuring a 180° hook on the two ends. (b) The ductility of RC columns comprising lap-spliced crossties, crossties featuring a 180° hook on the two ends and conventional crossties under axial tension is superior to that under axial compression. (c) For RC columns under axial compression, when the axial force ratio is less than 30%, lap-spliced crossties can be used instead of conventional crossties. (d) The inner columns of the building structure are subjected to large axial compression. When the columns are only subjected to axial compression during the earthquake, and the column axial force ratio is greater than 30%, the use of lap-spliced crossties can not only meet the ACI design requirements, but also facilitate the construction. (e) When the columns are subjected to repeated axial forces (axial compression and axial tension) during the earthquake, generally speaking, the column axial force ratio in this case is less than 30%. In this case, lap-spliced crossties can be used to replace conventional crossties. |
| 標題 | 自來水配水池結構耐震評估之載重需求 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 翁元滔、劉季宇、沈文成、林敏郎、李昭賢、鍾立來 |
| 關鍵字 | 自來水設施、耐震評估、配水池 |
| 摘要 | 進行池狀結構之耐震評估與分析程序時，須先估算其所須考慮的靜載重、活載重、土壤載重、流體載重、溫度載重及地震載重，其中地震載重又可分成地震引致流體動態載重、土壤動態載重及構體本身之地震力等，而地震引致流體之動態載重又可分成流體衝擊模態載重、流體對流模態載重、流體垂直振動引致之水平動態載重等；其次，地震引致土壤之動態載重又可分成土壤主、被動土壓力等；另外，池狀結構構體本身亦應考慮其垂直地震力及池牆本身之側向慣性力。本研究針對國內常見的池狀結構的載重需求估算方式與耐震評估流程進行研討，俾使其耐震評估與分析程序更加完備。 |
| Title | Load demand assessment of liquid storage tank in water supply facilities |
|---|---|
| Author | Yuan-Tao Weng, Gee-Yu Liu, Wen-Cheng Shen, Min-Lang Lin, Lap-Loi Chung, Chao- Hsien Li |
| Keywords | water supply facilities, seismic evaluation, liquid storage tank |
| Abstract | When carrying out the seismic evaluation and analysis procedure of the liquid storage tank, the static load, live load, soil load, fluid load, temperature load and seismic load must be estimated first. The seismic load can be divided into earthquake-induced fluid dynamic load, dynamic load of the soil and the seismic force induced by the self-weight of the structure. Firstly, the dynamic load of the fluid caused by the earthquake can be further divided into the fluid impulsive modal load, the fluid convective modal load, and the horizontal dynamic load caused by the vertical vibration of the fluid. Secondly, the soil dynamic load caused earthquakes can also be divided into active soil pressure and passive soil pressure. In addition, the vertical seismic force of the liquid storage tank and the lateral inertial force of the tank wall should also be considered. This study focuses on load demand assessment methods and seismic evaluation process for the common pool-like water tank structure in Taiwan to make the seismic evaluation and analysis procedures more feasible and reasonable. |
| 標題 | 跨斷層橋梁之地震反應研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 洪曉慧、何蓮桂、何宜哲、莊清鏘、黃仲偉 |
| 關鍵字 | 跨斷層橋梁、非線性動力歷時、多支承輸入、地表位移輸入 |
| 摘要 | 目前橋梁耐震規範主要是透過放大係數來考慮近斷層效應，對於跨斷層 橋梁並無相關的規定。然而跨斷層橋梁在斷層線兩側由於會因地表相對錯動而導致不同的變形趨勢，因此在數值模擬上必須採用多支承非同步輸入，計算橋梁模型在地震作用下的結構地震反應。本研究之目的在建立以地表位移輸入法為基礎之多支承地震輸入方式，用以探討跨斷層橋梁受地震作用之反應。首先以近斷層地震的地表加速度歷時經數值積分得到對應的地表位移歷時，利用多支承位移輸入方式進行非線性動力歷時分析來模擬跨斷層橋梁的地震反應。並進一步比較地表位移分配方式、斷層穿越角度、橋面板支承形式等對於跨斷層橋梁受震反應之影響。數值模擬結果顯示非同步輸入地震歷時會使橋梁結構產生局部較大變形與內力；同步輸入地震歷時則會使橋梁結構產生較大的絕對加速度。此外，本文就位移的分配方式區分為絕對錯位和相對錯位兩種，數值結果顯示在內力計算的部分，相對錯位與絕對錯位所得之最大值差異不大；但變形的部分，絕對錯位所得之最大值往往高於相對錯位所得之最大值。模擬同時顯示斷層水平角45度的作用下，對於柱底扭矩會產生較明顯的放大，但其餘物理量會小於斷層水平角90度的作用。最後，本文依主梁與柱頂接合處不同的邊界條件，將橋型分為連續橋、簡支梁橋和構架橋等三種。構架橋與連續橋的最大歷時反應相當接近，簡支梁橋各項物理量的最大歷時反應相較於連續橋可能增大或減少。 |
| Title | Seismic Performance of Crossing–fault Bridges |
|---|---|
| Author | Hsiao-Hui Hung, Lian-Gui He, Yi-Che Ho, Ching-Chiang Chuang, Chang-Wei Huang |
| Keywords | Crossing-fault bridge, nonlinear time history, multiple excitation, ground displacement input |
| Abstract | The influences of near-fault earthquakes are taken into account only by the magnification factors in the seismic design code for highway bridges. There are no related specifications about crossing-fault bridges in the design code. However, cross-fault bridges which are subjected to different ground motions at opposite sides of the fault line suffer more attacks in earthquakes. In this study, the seismic responses of cross-fault bridges are simulated with the multiple-excitation method and solved by nonlinear dynamic time history analyses. The displacement time history of each excitation is obtained by integrating the acceleration time history of a near-fault ground motion. The influences of the velocity impulse and residual displacements of near-fault earthquakes on the seismic responses of cross-fault bridges are discussed. In addition, the effects of the boundary conditions of the bridge deck and the angle between the bridge and fault line on the seismic responses of cross-fault bridges are also elaborated here. Numerical results demonstrate that the multiple-excitation simulation obtained larger local deformation and internal forces. On the other hand, the single-excitation simulation obtained larger absolute acceleration. Moreover, the ground displacements from integration are further divided into absolute displacements and relative displacements, which are assigned to the ground motions at opposite sides of the fault line. Numerical results show that there are no obvious differences on internal forces between these two displacement distributions. However, the absolute displacement generates larger member deformation. Moreover, the torsions at the bottom of bridge columns are magnified when the fault angle is 45°. Finally, the influences of different boundary conditions between bridge slabs and columns on the seismic responses are investigated. The seismic responses of rigid connections are similar to those of pin connections while the seismic responses of simply supported bridges have different characteristics |
| 標題 | 不規則橋梁機率式耐震與倒塌風險評估之研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 劉光晏、呂依涵 |
| 關鍵字 | 橋梁、勁度不規則、基樁裸露、土壤彈簧、機率式倒塌評估 |
| 摘要 | 本研究探討既有群樁基礎橋梁，因沖刷導致基礎裸露前、後之耐震性能及倒塌機率。首先，針對土壤結構互制行為進行實驗與分析比較。根據群樁基礎單柱結構之雙軸向大型振動台實驗結果，比較美國石油協會（API ）、日本道路橋示方書（JRA）及本研究之等值線性土壤彈簧法。研究結果顯示，在綜合考量時間成本與結果準確度下，API土壤彈簧法是較佳之樁土互制模擬方式。爰此，將API土壤彈簧應用至一座四跨全橋模型，採用增量動力分析法（IDA）並參考FEMA P58流程，探討不同橋基裸露程度之破壞模式、構件轉角韌性容量與不同等級地震之耐震能力與破壞機率，最後再與公路橋梁耐震評估與補強設計規範草案（2018年版）之靜力側推分析法進行比較。案例分析顯示，FEMA P58要求等級III地震作用下倒塌機率小於 10%，對於橋梁結構過於嚴格。短柱位置之樁基礎發生裸露時，對整體耐震性能有明顯降低。採用側推分析進行勁度不規則橋梁之耐震能力評估時， 其結構反應較動力分析有不保守的疑慮。 |
| Title | Probabilistic Assessment of Seismic Performance and Collapse Risk for Irregularly Bridge |
|---|---|
| Author | Kuang-Yen Liu, Yi-Han Lu |
| Keywords | Scouring Effect, Soil Spring, Group Pile Effect, Probabilistic Assessment Method, Collapse Risk Analysis, Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Static Pushover Analysis |
| Abstract | This study investigates the seismic performance and collapse risk of a group pile foundation irregularly bridge after scouring, which use API soil spring method to build a group pile foundation, four-span bridge models, and use probabilistic assessment to discuss the seismic performance due to different scouring places. This methodology was presented by previous researcher. For numerical analysis, this study uses SAP2000 to do incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Afterward, based on the result, also establish fragility curve considering IO, LS, and CP performance. This study also uses pushover analysis to evaluate the seismic performance of bridge after scouring. The result shows the first yielding point for group pile will appear at the top of the pile. Second, Seismic performance for the bridge will have the greatest influence when scouring was taken place at the pier which has the biggest stiffness difference compare to its nearby pier. Last, pushover analysis for irregularly bridge may underestimate its reaction compare to nonlinear time history analysis. All in all, this simplified probabilistic procedure can be used as a reference for future seismic performance evaluation for bridges. |
| Title | Long-Span Buckling-Restrained Braces using Truss-Confined Restrainers |
|---|---|
| Author | Chun Chen, Yu-Cheng Lin, An-Chien Wu, Lu-An Chen, Keh-Chyuan Tsai |
| Keywords | buckling-restrained brace, mega brace, truss-confined restrainer, flexural rigidity, shear rigidity, stability analysis |
| Abstract | Long span buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) are getting popular for applications in seismic tall buildings. Recently, a novel type of BRB, namely the truss-confined BRB (TC-BRB) with a constant-depth truss built into the restrainerhas been investigated. The TC-BRB’s restrainer is constructed by attaching an additional truss system composed of several steel open-web truss frames outside the central steel casing in order to develop the overall restraining rigidity. Thus, the cross-sectionof the central steel casing and the weight of the infilled mortar in the TC-BRB can be significantly reduced in comparison with the conventional BRBs. The initial crookedness caused by the BRBs’ self-weight can also be reduced in the cases of long-span and large axial capacity BRB designs. This study investigates a new type of TC-BRB using a varying-depth truss system in the restrainers. This type of TC-BRB could save construction material and achieve the structural aesthetic more effectively than those using the constant-depth trusses. In this study, stability analytical model and seismic design procedures are developed and verified. Key mechanical properties including equivalent flexural rigidity and shear rigidity of the truss system are firstly presented. It is illustrated that the TC-BRBs’ elastic flexural buckling strength (Pcr) can be satisfactorily computed by incorporating Timoshenko shear effect into the classical stability theory. TC-BRBs’s buckling failure strength (Plim) can be further computed by considering the initial imperfections and inelastic material property.Abaqus finite element model (FEM) analysis results indicate that the proposed analytical model can satisfactorily predict the restrainers’ Pcr with errors less than 10%; and predict the TC-BRBs’ Pcr with errors less than 3%. In the first phase experiment, two 1/5-scale TC-BRB specimens, each of 6.3m long with the 1016-kN nominal yield strength anda constant- or varying-depth truss design, were tested in NCREE. Cyclic test results confirm that the Plim of the two TC-BRB specimens can be accurately predicted using the proposed analytical model with errors less than 6% when the effects of residual stresses in the truss members are considered. In the second phase experiment, two additional specimens were fabricated with significantly increased stability capacities. Cyclic test results show that the Plim of these two specimens can also be accurately predicted with the errors less than 7%, further confirm the reliability of the proposed analytical model. The TC-BRBs’ experimental performance also suggests that the proposed design procedures are generally conservative and practical. This study concludes with the recommendations, produres and examples on the seismic design of the proposed TC-BRBs using the constant- or varying-depth trussses. |
| Title | The seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns using the lap-spliced crosstie with various axial load |
|---|---|
| Author | Tai-Kuang Lee, Cheng-Cheng Chen |
| Keywords | lap-spliced crosstie, lap splice length, axial tension, RC columns, seismic performance |
| Abstract | A lap-spliced crosstie consists of two J-shaped steel bars (rebars) that have a straight end and an end featuring a 180° hook. In this study, the cyclic lateral load test of four large-scale reinforced concrete columns with axial force proportional to the lateral force was conducted to discuss the seismic performance of RC columns with lap-spliced crossties and investigate the axial tension load effect. The research results are presented as follows: (a) The seismic performance of the specimens that adopted lap-spliced crossties is superior to that of the specimen using conventional crossties and worse than that of the specimen using crossties featuring a 180° hook on the two ends. (b) The ductility of RC columns comprising lap-spliced crossties, crossties featuring a 180° hook on the two ends and conventional crossties under axial tension is superior to that under axial compression. (c) For RC columns under axial compression, when the axial force ratio is less than 30%, lap-spliced crossties can be used instead of conventional crossties. (d) The inner columns of the building structure are subjected to large axial compression. When the columns are only subjected to axial compression during the earthquake, and the column axial force ratio is greater than 30%, the use of lap-spliced crossties can not only meet the ACI design requirements, but also facilitate the construction. (e) When the columns are subjected to repeated axial forces (axial compression and axial tension) during the earthquake, generally speaking, the column axial force ratio in this case is less than 30%. In this case, lap-spliced crossties can be used to replace conventional crossties. |
| Title | Load demand assessment of liquid storage tank in water supply facilities |
|---|---|
| Author | Yuan-Tao Weng, Gee-Yu Liu, Wen-Cheng Shen, Min-Lang Lin, Lap-Loi Chung, Chao- Hsien Li |
| Keywords | water supply facilities, seismic evaluation, liquid storage tank |
| Abstract | When carrying out the seismic evaluation and analysis procedure of the liquid storage tank, the static load, live load, soil load, fluid load, temperature load and seismic load must be estimated first. The seismic load can be divided into earthquake-induced fluid dynamic load, dynamic load of the soil and the seismic force induced by the self-weight of the structure. Firstly, the dynamic load of the fluid caused by the earthquake can be further divided into the fluid impulsive modal load, the fluid convective modal load, and the horizontal dynamic load caused by the vertical vibration of the fluid. Secondly, the soil dynamic load caused earthquakes can also be divided into active soil pressure and passive soil pressure. In addition, the vertical seismic force of the liquid storage tank and the lateral inertial force of the tank wall should also be considered. This study focuses on load demand assessment methods and seismic evaluation process for the common pool-like water tank structure in Taiwan to make the seismic evaluation and analysis procedures more feasible and reasonable. |
| Title | Seismic Performance of Crossing–fault Bridges |
|---|---|
| Author | Hsiao-Hui Hung, Lian-Gui He, Yi-Che Ho, Ching-Chiang Chuang, Chang-Wei Huang |
| Keywords | Crossing-fault bridge, nonlinear time history, multiple excitation, ground displacement input |
| Abstract | The influences of near-fault earthquakes are taken into account only by the magnification factors in the seismic design code for highway bridges. There are no related specifications about crossing-fault bridges in the design code. However, cross-fault bridges which are subjected to different ground motions at opposite sides of the fault line suffer more attacks in earthquakes. In this study, the seismic responses of cross-fault bridges are simulated with the multiple-excitation method and solved by nonlinear dynamic time history analyses. The displacement time history of each excitation is obtained by integrating the acceleration time history of a near-fault ground motion. The influences of the velocity impulse and residual displacements of near-fault earthquakes on the seismic responses of cross-fault bridges are discussed. In addition, the effects of the boundary conditions of the bridge deck and the angle between the bridge and fault line on the seismic responses of cross-fault bridges are also elaborated here. Numerical results demonstrate that the multiple-excitation simulation obtained larger local deformation and internal forces. On the other hand, the single-excitation simulation obtained larger absolute acceleration. Moreover, the ground displacements from integration are further divided into absolute displacements and relative displacements, which are assigned to the ground motions at opposite sides of the fault line. Numerical results show that there are no obvious differences on internal forces between these two displacement distributions. However, the absolute displacement generates larger member deformation. Moreover, the torsions at the bottom of bridge columns are magnified when the fault angle is 45°. Finally, the influences of different boundary conditions between bridge slabs and columns on the seismic responses are investigated. The seismic responses of rigid connections are similar to those of pin connections while the seismic responses of simply supported bridges have different characteristics |
| Title | Probabilistic Assessment of Seismic Performance and Collapse Risk for Irregularly Bridge |
|---|---|
| Author | Kuang-Yen Liu, Yi-Han Lu |
| Keywords | Scouring Effect, Soil Spring, Group Pile Effect, Probabilistic Assessment Method, Collapse Risk Analysis, Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Static Pushover Analysis |
| Abstract | This study investigates the seismic performance and collapse risk of a group pile foundation irregularly bridge after scouring, which use API soil spring method to build a group pile foundation, four-span bridge models, and use probabilistic assessment to discuss the seismic performance due to different scouring places. This methodology was presented by previous researcher. For numerical analysis, this study uses SAP2000 to do incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Afterward, based on the result, also establish fragility curve considering IO, LS, and CP performance. This study also uses pushover analysis to evaluate the seismic performance of bridge after scouring. The result shows the first yielding point for group pile will appear at the top of the pile. Second, Seismic performance for the bridge will have the greatest influence when scouring was taken place at the pier which has the biggest stiffness difference compare to its nearby pier. Last, pushover analysis for irregularly bridge may underestimate its reaction compare to nonlinear time history analysis. All in all, this simplified probabilistic procedure can be used as a reference for future seismic performance evaluation for bridges. |
「結構工程」季刊第139期(第36卷第1期)
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本期期刊為第十五屆結構工程暨第五屆地震工程研討會特刊(下集)
客座主編：周中哲、廖文義、洪崇展
中文網址: 第36卷第1期 (2021)
英文網址: Vol.36 / No.1 (2021)
若有任何意見歡迎 email 至 csse@csse.org.tw。
第十五屆結構工程暨第五屆地震工程研討會特刊(下集)
客座主編：周中哲、廖文義、洪崇展
| 標題 | 低矮型 RC 建築物之震後耐震性能評估方法研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 邱建國、宋欣芳、邱聰智 |
| 關鍵字 | 殘餘耐震性能、損傷等級、折減因子 |
| 摘要 | 為量化鋼筋混凝土(RC)柱構件的震後殘餘耐震性能，本文採用先前靜力、動力加載以及「太平洋地震工程研究中心結構性能數據庫(PEER)」所得的柱構件試驗研究結果所獲得之強度、勁度和能量消散的折減因子，並應用非線性鉸修正方法，提出針對震損低矮型RC建築物殘餘耐震性能的初步與詳細評估方法。另在案例研究中選擇一棟實際的震損建築物，以展示震後受損RC建築物的殘餘耐震性能評估方法的應用。 |
| Title | Study on a Post-earthquake Seismic Performance Evaluation Method for Low-rise RC buildings |
|---|---|
| Author | Chien-Kuo Chiu, Hsin-Fang Sung, Tsung-Chih Chiou |
| Keywords | residual seismic capacity, damage level, reduction factor. |
| Abstract | To quantify the post-earthquake residual seismic capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) column members, the static-cyclic loading and dynamic loading experimental results obtained in previous work, and the “Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Structural Performance Database (PEER)” are used to obtain reduction factors of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation. This work also applies the method of the modified nonlinear hinge and proposes the preliminary and detailed seismic performance assessment method for the residual seismic performance of earthquake-damaged RC buildings. In the case study, this work selects one actual earthquake-damaged building to display the post-earthquake assessment of seismic performance for a damaged RC building. |
| 標題 | 校舍補強工程經費之影響因素分析 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 楊元森、彭筠婷、黃羽璇、 邱聰智、鍾立來、黃世建 |
| 關鍵字 | 校舍耐震補強、翼牆、擴柱、剪力牆、工程經費 |
| 摘要 | 我國中小學校舍補強計畫從民國九十八年累積至今，已經普查了三萬多棟校舍建物，其中累積的補強案例資料具有相當大的分析價值。三萬多棟校舍所累積的評估資料及工程報告複雜且龐大，透過耐震補強資料庫得以妥善記錄補強各階段之資料。本研究依據校舍耐震補強資料庫，分析單價與地區、補強工法及耐震容量提升程度之關係，期能作為未來估算耐震補強工程經費之參考依據。 本研究針對校舍補強資料庫資料，在分析上分別藉由地區、工法以及耐震容量提升程度進行補強工程經費影響因素分析。影響補強工程經費的因素眾多，本文僅透過資料庫的資料探討單價與上述三種因素之間的關係。在校舍補強工法使用次數統計中，翼牆、擴柱及剪力牆為最常使用的補強方式，相較之下其它補強方式則為少數。本研究主要以翼牆、擴柱及剪力牆三種補強方式進行初步分析。 |
| Title | Construction cost analysis of school building seismic retrofit |
|---|---|
| Author | Yuan-Sen Yang,Yun-Ting Peng,Yu-Hsuan Huang, Tsung-Chih Chiou, Lap-Loi Chung, Shyh-Jiann Hwang |
| Keywords | school building seismic retrofit, wing wall, RC jacketing, shear wall, construction cost |
| Abstract | The cases in the school building seismic retrofit have significant values for data analysis. The school building seismic retrofit data has been accumulated since 2009. More than 30,000 school building structures have been generally surveyed. More than 17,000 of them were preliminarily evaluated, and more than 10,000 of them which had significant risk of damage from earthquakes were evaluated. More than 6,000 of them have been retrofitted. As long as the analysis results are properly utilized, we will have more comprehensive understanding of construction cost, as well as potential for improving the administrative processes. Based on the aforementioned database, this research analyzed the factors affecting the construction cost based on school locations, retrofit methods, and seismic capacity increment. In the statistics of the use of school building retrofit methods, it is found that wing walls, RC jacketing, and shear walls are the most commonly used retrofit methods. There are many factors that affect the project cost. This article studied the relationship between the retrofit cost and the above three factors through the data analysis. |
| 標題 | 考慮近斷層脈衝影響之隔震設計-以臺北盆地為例 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 楊甯凱、黃尹男、劉勛仁、趙書賢 |
| 關鍵字 | 近斷層地震、隔震、鉛心橡膠支承墊、非線性動力歷時分析、強地動模型 |
| 摘要 | 近斷層脈衝型震波因為含有中長週期速度脈衝，已為隔震結構之有效性帶來挑戰。然而台灣建築結構耐震設計規範並未提供具體作法來考慮脈衝型震波對隔震系統之影響，若因為脈衝型地震有可能造成隔震器過大位移而無法在近斷層區域採用，影響將十分重大。 本文提出一套流程將脈衝型地震的影響合理地納入隔震系統之設計，此設計流程不更動現行法規要求，建議以現行耐震設計規範公告之設計反應譜進行隔震系統之初步設計，再輔以定值法建立之脈衝地震檢核反應譜以及適當選取之脈衝型地震紀錄，透過非線性動力歷時分析進行隔震系統及上部結構之性能檢核。本文並以一棟位於臺北盆地的15層韌性抗彎鋼構建築為例，考慮山腳斷層發生規模7.3並產生長週期脈衝之地震，說明如何以本文提出之流程進行隔震系統之設計，包括檢核反應譜之建立、地震紀錄之選取與縮放、以及隔震系統及上部結構之性能檢核。 |
| Title | Design of base-isolation systems subjected to pulse-like ground motions |
|---|---|
| Author | Ning-Kai Yang,Yin-Nan Huang,Hsun-Jen Liu, Shu-Hsien Chao |
| Keywords | Near-Fault Ground Motions; Base Isolation; Lead-Rubber Bearings; Non-Linear Response-History Analysis; GMPE |
| Abstract | Modernbuilding codes do not provide clearguidelineson the design of base-isolation systems against pulse-like ground motions, which may produce excessive displacement demand for isolators and endanger the systems. A procedureis proposed in this paper to address the impact of pulse-like ground motionson isolation systems. The procedure involves 1) the development of an “evaluation spectrum” using newly developed Taiwan ground motion prediction equations and a model for the ratio of spectral accelerations of pulse-like to non-pulse ground motions, and 2) selection and scaling of pulse-like records for nonlinear response-history analysis of the isolated building of interest. This paper presents an example of a 15-story steel special moment resisting frame isolated using lead-rubber bearings to demonstrate the proposed procedure. |
| 標題 | 國道高速公路橋梁採隔震與基礎置換之耐震補強規劃設計 |
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| 作者 | 陳吟亘、蕭天任、吳明興、彭康瑜、陳國隆 |
| 關鍵字 | 系統補強、隔震支承、換底工法 |
| 摘要 | 國內橋梁設計規範自民國76年版起，經過??耐震設計規範的改版更新，地震力多有提昇，為使既有橋梁符合現行規範之耐震能力標準，國道高速公路局自民國88年921集集地震後，持續推動橋梁耐震能力詳細評估，針對耐震能力不足者，分期辦理耐震補強工程。 橋梁基礎補強之工程經費較高，故優先採用「系統補強」的策略，研擬隔震或減震方案，當既有上部結構與橋墩之接合為故固接時，無法直接增設隔震支承，本文以國道3號高速公路「東山服務區跨越橋」為例，說明既有固接橋墩增設隔震支承之設計考量重點及方法。另外，部份橋梁有於河川行水區設置直接基礎的情形，因環境變遷與河床逐年下降，恐有基礎板底部承載層沖蝕疑慮，為一併辦理橋梁基礎耐震與耐洪能力的提昇，可考慮採用基礎置換工法(或稱換底工法)，本文第二部份以國道3號高速公路「梅林溪排水橋」為例，說明直接基礎置換為樁基礎之施工步驟及方法。 |
| Title | Seismic Isolation Retrofit and Foundation Replacement of Freeway Bridge |
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| Author | Yin-Xuan Chen,Tien-Jen Hsiao,Ming-Shing Wu, Kang-Yu Peng, Guo-Long Chen |
| Keywords | system of retrofit method, seismic isolator, foundation replacement method |
| Abstract | Taiwan’s bridge seismic design specifications have evolved several version from 1987. In order to meet the seismic requirements under newest version specification. Freeway Bureau, MOTC has started existing bridge seismic capability evaluation and retrofitted after Chi-Chi Earthquake in 1999. Because foundation retrofitting are expansive, we prefer to use “system retrofit method”. Conduct the feasibility studies on seismic isolation and damping devices. While the superstructure and pier are rigid connected, isolation bearing can’t install directly. An example of this is “Dong-Shan Bridge”. In this study, we explain the design considerations and methods of adding seismic isolation bearing to existing rigid piers. Furthermore, there are some cases where the spread foundation base will be scouring. An example of this is “Mei-Lin Bridge”. In order to increase earthquake and flood resistance at the same time. We use foundation replacement method to make spread foundation replace to pile foundation.. |
| 標題 | 鄰近活動斷層耐震能力評估與補強-以嘉南大圳北幹一號橋為例 |
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| 作者 | 高墀修、蕭天任、吳明興、彭康瑜、陳國隆 |
| 關鍵字 | 隔震橋、近斷層效應、耐震能力評估與補強、液態黏滯性阻尼器(FVD) |
| 摘要 | 隨著隔震技術的發展推廣，國內部分橋梁開始採用隔震支承作為其抗震的選擇，從早期第二高速公路的部份橋梁，到1999年921集集地震後遭到破壞的一些公路橋梁重建，隔震技術在國內橋梁工程的應用已將近三十年。交通部頒「公路橋梁設計規範」(97年)亦新增「隔震與消能設計」章節。由於鄰近活動斷層之地震，通常具有較長週期的脈衝震波，隔震橋亦具有較長振動周期特性，隨著經濟部中央地質調查所公告第一類活動斷層的增加，位於鄰近活動斷層之既有隔震橋，在近斷層地震波作用下，可能造成共振現象，產生超出原設計預期之較大變位。 本文以位在國3白河新化段的嘉南大圳北幹線一號排水橋為研究案例，利用隔震支承原型試驗結果，建立隔震橋梁分析模型，以探討一般遠域地震及近域地震對此隔震橋梁的影響與可行補強方法。研究結果顯示，因耐震規範地震力的改變，在一般遠域地震下，隔震支承即可能超出原設計位移量，而在近域地震下，當脈衝震波週期接近隔震橋梁振動週期時，位移將更加放大。經檢討研究，該橋之耐震補強方法，採用保留既有隔震支承，加裝液態黏滯性阻尼器(FVD)，增加整體橋梁系統阻尼，以降低隔震支承位移反應。 |
| Title | Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of the Isolated Bridge near Active Faults: Chianan Irrigation, Beigan No. 1 bridge |
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| Author | Chih-Siou Gao, Tien-Jen Hsiao, Ming-Shing Wu,Kang-Yu Peng,Guo-Long Chen |
| Keywords | Isolated bridge, Near-fault effect, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit, Fluid Viscous Damper |
| Abstract | With the development of the seismic isolation technology in Taiwan, Seismic isolation bearing has been used in some bridges to resist earthquakes. Since the construction of freeway NO.3 and the reconstruction of the bridge damaged by Chi-Chi earthquake,isolation technology has been used in three decade.MOTC also added a chapter “Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation Design” to “Specification for Seismic Design of Highways and Bridges” (2008).But the pulses in the near fault ground motion have a large displacement response which is exceed the design displacementon isolated bridges due to their long period property. Take “Chia-nan Irrigation Channel No.1 Bridge” for example. We studied the effects of earthquakes near and far fault region on seismic behavior of isolated bridge, and suggest the retrofit method. This research shows that resultant displacement of the existing seismic isolated bearings may exceed the design displacement under the far-fault earthquake due to the seismic force increased.Furthermore, the resultant displacement will be much larger under the near-fault earthquake when the period of the isolated bridge is closed to the pulse period.Finally, we install fluid viscous damper (FVD) to increase the overall bridge system damping and to reduce the displacement response of the seismic isolated bearing. |
| 標題 | 以資料庫回歸台灣混凝土潛變預測公式並應用於預力橋梁長期變位分析 |
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| 作者 | 廖文正、高健鈞、黃禾程、黃炳勳、蔣啟恆 |
| 關鍵字 | 資料庫、長期變形、潛變、預力橋梁、預力損失 |
| 摘要 | 本研究統整台灣近40年的試驗資料並建立「台灣混凝土收縮與潛變資料庫」，並比較國內外資料庫後，發現台灣混凝土有漿體量高、低水灰比、低粒料勁度等特性，若直接套用國外預測式將不保守。故選用Bažant的Model B4為預測公式之基礎，對以上參數進行本土化修正，提出台灣普通混凝土之預測式。另外，近年來混凝土常添加卜作嵐材料，本研究將普通混凝土預測式延伸，針對添加卜作嵐材料之混凝土再進一步修正。混凝土潛變行為對於長跨預力橋梁長期變形影響甚鉅，為比較本土化與國外收縮潛變預測公式對橋梁長期變形的差異，本研究使用MIDAS Civil建立預力橋梁模型，套用國內外預測模型並比較分析結果，發現國外預測模型有嚴重低估變位與預力損失的現象，實務上若直接套用國外規範進行設計將會錯估使用年限與結構長期變位。 |
| Title | Regression of Creep Prediction Formula of Concrete in Taiwan Basedon Database Analysisandits Applicationon Prestressed Concrete Bridge |
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| Author | Wen-Cheng LIAO, Ho-Cheng HUANG, Jian-Jyun GAO , Ping-Hsun HUANG , Jumbo C.H. CHIANG |
| Keywords | Database, Long-term deformation, Creep,Prestressed concretebridge,Prestress loss |
| Abstract | This research integrates the test data of the past 40 years in Taiwan and establishes the “Shrinkage and Creep Database in Taiwan”. After comparing the domestic and foreign database, it is found that concrete in Taiwan has high cementitious material content, low water-cement ratio, and low aggregate stiffness, and it is not conservative if the foreign prediction model is directly applied. Therefore, Bažant’s Model B4 was selected as the basis of the prediction model, and the above parameters were localized and revised, and the prediction model of Taiwan ordinary concrete was proposed. In addition, this study extends the prediction model of ordinary concrete and revises the concrete with pozzolanic materials. Creep of concrete has a great influence on the long-term deformation of long-span prestressed bridges. In order to compare the difference between the domestic and foreign shrinkage and creep prediction models on the long-term deformation of the bridge, this study uses MIDAS Civil to establish a prestressed concrete bridge, and compares the analysis results between domestic and foreign prediction models. It is found that the foreign prediction models have seriously underestimated the deformation and prestress loss. |