第三十一卷第一期 (期別121) (105年)

第三十一卷第一期 (期別121) (105年)

標題預力混凝土橋梁自動化設計繪圖全整式平台系統之開發與應用
作者黃炳勳、宋裕祺、蔡益超、蔣啟恆、戚樹人、王俊穎、粘晉銘、賴育暘、莊耘
關鍵字預力混凝土橋梁、視窗化平台、Visual C# .NET
摘要預力混凝土橋梁係為國內既有橋梁型式中比例最高者,設計過程須考量跨徑配置、斷面尺寸、載重組合、施工限制、鋼腱配置與施拉順序等,亦須反覆檢核縱向與橫向分析結果,相關工程設計圖說、結構計算書及數量計算等製作過程複雜且繁瑣,若得快速串聯結構分析軟體與工程繪圖軟體,並自動評估材料量體多寡且轉成報告供參,將有效加速設計作業流程並提高工作效率。有鑑於此,本文擬以預力混凝土箱型梁橋之基本設計理論與施工工法為基礎,藉由Visual C# .NET 程式及AutoCAD 二次開發技術,研發自動化輔助設計與繪圖等之全整式平台系統,所提成果冀能提供國內橋梁設計實務之參考。
TitleDevelopment of Windows-Based Automatic Design and Drawing Integrated System on Prestressed Concrete Bridges
AuthorPing-Hsun Huang, Chi-HengChiang, Shu-Jen Chi, Yu-Chi Sung, Chun-Ying Wang, Jim-Ming Nian,Yu-Yang Lai, Yun Chuang, I-Chau Tsai
KeywordsPrestressed Concrete Bridge, Windows-based platform, Visual C# .NET
AbstractPrestressed concrete bridge is the commonly used type of bridges in Taiwan. According to the planning considerations of this bridge, the longitudinal and cross-section analysis results need to be checked repeatedly in the design process to determine the span lengths, cross dimensions, load combinations, working procedure restrictions, tendon profiles and tensioning sequences, etc., and the interrelated work activities of engineering drawing, structural computation statement and quantity estimation would be very complicated and cumbersome. Hence, once the civil engineering drawing software has been connected with structural analysis program, the design process can be expedited to identify sketches and quantities automatically. As a consequence, based on the basic design theory and construction methods of prestressed concrete box girder bridge, this paper aims at progressing an automatic design and drawing system performed by the Visual C# .NET programming language and further development technology of AutoCAD. As practical bridge design course, the window-based platform and devisable results presented in this paper are expected to provide a useful perception in structural engineering.
標題低矮型鋼筋混凝土剪力牆之側力位移曲線預測
作者翁樸文、李翼安、蔡仁傑、黃世建
關鍵字鋼筋混凝土、剪力牆、側力位移曲線、剪力強度、剪力變形、低矮型
摘要鋼筋混凝土剪力牆為建築中常見的構件之一,其具有高強度與高勁度之特性,在地震來臨時將承受較大之剪力,因而較其它結構構件更早發生剪力破壞。所以對鋼筋混凝土剪力牆之側力位移曲線應作了解,方能充分掌握結構耐震能力評估之準確性。本文參考國家地震工程研究中心出版之校舍結構耐震評估與補強技術手冊,採用軟化壓拉桿模型,對低矮型剪力牆承受剪力破壞之情況,提出簡化之側力位移曲線建議。本文進一步引入簡化之壓拉桿指標,且根據軟化壓拉桿模型應變場估算剪力牆之剪力變形。本文建議曲線大幅簡化繁複之計算流程,其與實驗結果比對具有合理之預測結果,且與校舍技術手冊的預測精度相當。本文建議之剪力強度預測,亦可改善ACI 318-14 規範高估剪力鋼筋貢獻之問題,可合理估計構架中填充RC 牆之強度。本文提供之方法除可供耐震評估用,對於新建建築之結構設計,亦可協助工程師估計RC 隔間牆之剪力強度貢獻,進而有效評估填充RC 牆對構架耐震行為之影響。
TitleLateral Load Displacement Curves of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
AuthorPu-Wen Weng, Yi-An Li, Ren-Jie Tsai, Shyh-Jiann Hwang
Keywordsreinforced concrete, shear wall, lateral load displacement curve, shear strength, shear deformation, low-rise
AbstractReinforced concrete shear wall is commonly used as a structural member and possesses the characteristics of high stiffness and strength. During earthquake attacks, shear walls usually receive the major lateral forces and are prone to fail in shear. Therefore, prediction of the lateral load displacement curve of shear walls is essential for the seismic assessment of existing buildings. In accordance with the Technology Handbook for Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of School Buildings published by National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, this paper employs the Softened Strut-and-Tie Model to estimate the seismic behavior of low-rise shear walls. By using the simplified strut-and-tie index and shear deformation estimated from the associated strain field at peak load, the proposed curve is greatly simplified and correlates well with the available test results. The current ACI 318-14 Code over-estimates the contribution of shear strength from the shear reinforcement and the proposed model can correct this drawback. In addition to predicting the shear strength of existing shear walls, the proposed model can also provide estimation of shear strength of RC infilled walls in new construction buildings. This application can assist engineers to evaluate accurately the influence of RC infilled walls on the seismic behavior of frames.
標題 全尺寸雙核心自復位斜撐及夾型挫屈束制斜撐耐震試驗
作者 周中哲、鍾秉庭、鄭宇岑
關鍵字 雙核心自復位斜撐(DC-SCB)、夾型挫屈束制斜撐(SBRB)、耐震試驗
摘要 雙核心自復位斜撐(Dual-Core Self-Centering Brace,DC-SCB)是利用斜撐中的兩組拉力構件束制斜撐中的三組鋼受壓構件,及第一核心構件與外層構件之相對位移進行摩擦消能,使斜撐受軸拉與受軸壓下提供自復位及消能能力, 即在大變形下具有回到零殘餘變形的能力; 夾型挫屈束制斜撐(Sandwiched Buckling-Restrained Brace,SBRB)則是利用兩組獨立分離的圍束構件束制斜撐中的核心構件,使得斜撐受壓不會挫屈而產生飽滿的遲滯消能。本研究主要目的為測試及比較在層間側位移角2%下有相同最大軸力設計條件之雙核心自復位斜撐(DC-SCB)和夾型挫屈束制斜撐(SBRB)的勁度、能量消散、殘餘變形及耐用性能等耐震行為,因此設計及試驗兩組7409 mm長之斜撐(DC-SCB 1 與SBRB 1)及兩組7560 mm 長之斜撐(DC-SCB 2 與SBRB2),其中DC-SCB 1 與DC-SCB 2 之拉力構件均使用D16(直徑15.24 mm)高強度鋼絞線(ASTMA416 Grade 270 Steel),此四組斜撐分別進行六次反覆載重試驗。試驗結果顯示,雙核心自復位斜撐有穩定的自復位與能量消散之能力,夾型挫屈束制斜撐有飽滿的遲滯消能,四組斜撐之耐震性能均符合AISC (2010)規範針對斜撐要求在最小層間側位移角2%前不破壞原則,更可達層間側位移角2.5%而不破壞,雙核心自復位斜撐與夾型挫屈束制斜撐之最大軸力分別可達5800 kN 與6400 kN,兩種斜撐之最大軸力拉壓差均在1.07 以下,夾型挫屈束制斜撐在六次階段試驗的累積非彈性軸向變形比(累積韌性容量) 為878~1422,均超過AISC (2010)對於挫屈束制斜撐要求之200,並也實際應用於臺灣及中國新建的建築物作為抗震消能的主要構件。
Title Seismic Tests of Full-Scale Dual-Core Self-Centering Braces (DC-SCBs) and Sandwiched Buckling-Restrained Braces(SBRBs)
Author Chung-Che Chou, Ping-Ting Chung, Yu-Tsen Cheng
Keywords Dual-core self-centering brace (DC-SCB), Sandwiched buckling-restrained brace (SBRB), Seismic tests
Abstract This paper presentsseismic tests of full-scale dual-core self-centering braces (DC-SCBs) and sandwiched buckling-restrained braces (SBRBs). The DC-SCB has a flag-shaped hysteretic response with high axial stiffness and minimal residual deformation, exhibiting a self-centering mechanism. The SBRB like conventional BRBs has much higher energy dissipation capacity than the DC-SCB, but larger residual deformations are expected for structures equipped with SBRBs. The primary objective of the study was to conduct seismic tests that established a direct comparison basis between two DC-SCBs and two SBRBs designed with similar axial capacity and length. A total of DC-SCBs and SBRBs that were about 7.5 mlong and had maximum axial forces from 1500 to 6000 kN were tested to evaluate their cyclic behavior and durability. In general, these tests showed that the DC-SCB and SBRBexhibit robust cyclic performanceswith good deformation capacity and durability. The axial elastic and post-elastic stiffnesses of DC-SCB were around two and five times those of SBRB, indicating that DC-SCB is more effective to resist lateral forces than SBRB in structures. Some new buildings in Taiwan and China have adopted SBRBs as main earthquake-resisting members.
標題 摩擦消能隔震系統於簡諧震波作用下之穩定性探討
作者 王勝宣、鍾立來、賴勇安、楊卓諺
關鍵字 摩擦消能、簡諧震波、穩定性
摘要 由摩擦消能隔震系統之等效阻尼比可知,若隔震系統位移越大,其等效阻尼比越低;因此若有一基底振動,在能量不停輸入之情況下,使摩擦消能隔震系統位移隨時間漸增,則等效阻尼比將隨時間漸減;漸減之等效阻尼比又導致往後更大之隔震位移,如此產生惡性循環,終使隔震系統消能不足,產生不穩定之現象。為探討摩擦消能隔震系統穩定性之議題,本文將上部結構視為剛體、隔震系統視為單自由度,以正弦波當作基底加速度,將運動方程式化為無因次,整理出求解流程供工程師參考,並探討設計參數對隔震系統反應指標之影響,供工程師做初步判斷。真實地震雖不會造成摩擦消能隔震系統之不穩定,然而摩擦隔震系統之等效阻尼比隨隔震層位移增加而遞減,使隔震層位移過大,工程師應仔細考量此特徵,增加其安全性。
Title Dynamic Stability of Frictional Isolation Systems Excited by Simple Harmonic Waves
Author Sheng-Hsuan Wang, Lap-Loi Chung, Yong-An Lai, Cho-Yen Yang
Keywords frictional isolation systems, simple harmonic waves, dynamic stability
Abstract According to the equivalent damping ratio formula of frictional isolation systems, the damping ratio becomes lower as the isolation displacement gets larger. Therefore, if the excitation is a simple harmonic wave with constant amplitude and ongoing input energy, then the displacement response of isolation systems will increase with time; on the contrary, the equivalent damping ratio of isolation system will decrease with time. The relationship between isolation displacement and damping ratio will make frictional isolation systems fall into the vicious circle and become dynamic unstable finally. To investigate the issue about dynamic stability of frictional isolation systems, we assumed the super-structure is rigid and the excitation is simple harmonic, and transformed the motion equation of isolation systems into the dimensionless form. We also set the response indices to help practical engineers preliminarily estimate the isolation design. Actually, real ground excitations will not make isolation systems dynamic unstable, but the vicious circle between displacement response and equivalent damping ratio of isolation systems is undoubted. For the reason that we proposed practical engineers take the characteristic into consideration to enhance the safety of isolation design.
標題減震技術於離岸風力發電支撐結構之應用研究
作者盧煉元、胡宣德、林子堯、林柏樺
關鍵字離岸風機、支撐結構、減震技術、質量阻尼器、消能元件、風力發電
摘要台灣海峽擁有全球最佳的風場之一,因此我國近年來積極發展離岸風力發電技術。而歐美地區的風力發電技術雖已十分成熟,但因台灣地處地震發生頻繁區域,對風機及其支撐結構的耐震性能要求遠較歐美為高。而我國雖有嚴格的結構耐震設計規範,但主要以確保人命安全為出發點,恐無法滿足風機結構於強震後仍能保有發電功能之耐震需求。為能同時確保震後風機之功能及安全,本文乃試圖探討使用質量阻尼器(mass damper,簡稱MD)作為風機制震系統之可行性。本文所謂MD 技術乃是於風機機艙及支承塔柱結構間安置一容許產生相對位移與消能能力之柔性減震介層,並以機艙質量作為反力質塊,如此即可藉由機艙及塔柱結構間之互制運動,使總體系統產生顯著的反共振(anti-resonant)現象,以有效降低整體系統之地震反應。MD 技術與常用之TMD (tuned mass damper)技術不同之處在於前者無需外加反力質塊,且質塊之自振頻率並不一定與原始結構之振頻調諧。本文採用16 筆震波模擬5MW 單樁式離岸風機標竿結構之地震反應。模擬結果顯示,經由參數研究可適當選取MD 之系統參數(即頻率比與阻尼比),即可同時大幅降低風機機艙之地震加速度與支撐結構之基底總剪力與彎矩。亦即,使用MD 系統不僅可提升風機支撐結構之安全,更可於強震後確保機艙內設備之發電功能,為十分有效之風機抗震方法。
TitleSeismic Vibration Control of Off-Shore Wind Turbines
AuthorLyan-Ywan Lu, Hsuan-Teh Hu, Tzu-Yao Lin, Bo-Hua Lin
KeywordsOff-shore wind turbines, seismic mitigation, mass damper, anti-resonance, energy dissipation, wind energy
AbstractSince Taiwan has one of the best wind-farms in the world, it is beneficial to develop renewable energy by using off-shore wind turbines. Nevertheless, since Taiwan is prone to earthquakes, the problem of seismic protection for the offshore wind turbines becomes an important issue. On the other hand, although current Taiwanese seismic design code is very stringent, it aims to ensure live safety in a major earthquake rather than the functionality of equipment in the structural system. In order to simultaneously ensure the safety and functionality of a wind turbine during a major earthquake, in this study, the possibility of using a mass damper (MD) system for mitigating the seismic response of offshore wind turbines is investigated. A MD system is established by introduced a soft and energy-dissipative layer between the nacelle and the supporting tower structure of a wind turbine. As a result, the interacting motion between the nacelle and underneath tower structure creates a significant anti-resonant phenomenon that is able to avert the seismic energy transmitted into the system. Different from a traditional tuned mass damper (TMD), the MD uses the mass of the nacelle itself as the reactive mass and its frequency may not be tuned to that of the structure. In this study, the seismic performance of a 5MW mono-pile off-shore wind turbine with the MD subjected to 16 seismic excitations is simulated. The simulation results have demonstrated that by properly selecting the MD parameters, i.e., the frequency and damping ratios, the acceleration of the nacelle and the base shear and moment of the supporting structure can be significantly reduced, as compared with a TMD-controlled or uncontrolled wind turbine. This implies that the MD technology is able to maintain the safety and functionality of a wind turbine in a major earthquake, simultaneously.

Vol.31/No.1 (121) (2016)

Vol.31/No.1 (121) (2016)

TitleDevelopment of Windows-Based Automatic Design and Drawing Integrated System on Prestressed Concrete Bridges
AuthorPing-Hsun Huang, Chi-HengChiang, Shu-Jen Chi, Yu-Chi Sung, Chun-Ying Wang, Jim-Ming Nian,Yu-Yang Lai, Yun Chuang, I-Chau Tsai
KeywordsPrestressed Concrete Bridge, Windows-based platform, Visual C# .NET
AbstractPrestressed concrete bridge is the commonly used type of bridges in Taiwan. According to the planning considerations of this bridge, the longitudinal and cross-section analysis results need to be checked repeatedly in the design process to determine the span lengths, cross dimensions, load combinations, working procedure restrictions, tendon profiles and tensioning sequences, etc., and the interrelated work activities of engineering drawing, structural computation statement and quantity estimation would be very complicated and cumbersome. Hence, once the civil engineering drawing software has been connected with structural analysis program, the design process can be expedited to identify sketches and quantities automatically. As a consequence, based on the basic design theory and construction methods of prestressed concrete box girder bridge, this paper aims at progressing an automatic design and drawing system performed by the Visual C# .NET programming language and further development technology of AutoCAD. As practical bridge design course, the window-based platform and devisable results presented in this paper are expected to provide a useful perception in structural engineering.
TitleLateral Load Displacement Curves of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
AuthorPu-Wen Weng, Yi-An Li, Ren-Jie Tsai, Shyh-Jiann Hwang
Keywordsreinforced concrete, shear wall, lateral load displacement curve, shear strength, shear deformation, low-rise
AbstractReinforced concrete shear wall is commonly used as a structural member and possesses the characteristics of high stiffness and strength. During earthquake attacks, shear walls usually receive the major lateral forces and are prone to fail in shear. Therefore, prediction of the lateral load displacement curve of shear walls is essential for the seismic assessment of existing buildings. In accordance with the Technology Handbook for Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of School Buildings published by National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, this paper employs the Softened Strut-and-Tie Model to estimate the seismic behavior of low-rise shear walls. By using the simplified strut-and-tie index and shear deformation estimated from the associated strain field at peak load, the proposed curve is greatly simplified and correlates well with the available test results. The current ACI 318-14 Code over-estimates the contribution of shear strength from the shear reinforcement and the proposed model can correct this drawback. In addition to predicting the shear strength of existing shear walls, the proposed model can also provide estimation of shear strength of RC infilled walls in new construction buildings. This application can assist engineers to evaluate accurately the influence of RC infilled walls on the seismic behavior of frames.
TitleSeismic Tests of Full-Scale Dual-Core Self-Centering Braces (DC-SCBs) and Sandwiched Buckling-Restrained Braces(SBRBs)
AuthorChung-Che Chou, Ping-Ting Chung, Yu-Tsen Cheng
KeywordsDual-core self-centering brace (DC-SCB), Sandwiched buckling-restrained brace (SBRB), Seismic tests
AbstractThis paper presentsseismic tests of full-scale dual-core self-centering braces (DC-SCBs) and sandwiched buckling-restrained braces (SBRBs). The DC-SCB has a flag-shaped hysteretic response with high axial stiffness and minimal residual deformation, exhibiting a self-centering mechanism. The SBRB like conventional BRBs has much higher energy dissipation capacity than the DC-SCB, but larger residual deformations are expected for structures equipped with SBRBs. The primary objective of the study was to conduct seismic tests that established a direct comparison basis between two DC-SCBs and two SBRBs designed with similar axial capacity and length. A total of DC-SCBs and SBRBs that were about 7.5 mlong and had maximum axial forces from 1500 to 6000 kN were tested to evaluate their cyclic behavior and durability. In general, these tests showed that the DC-SCB and SBRBexhibit robust cyclic performanceswith good deformation capacity and durability. The axial elastic and post-elastic stiffnesses of DC-SCB were around two and five times those of SBRB, indicating that DC-SCB is more effective to resist lateral forces than SBRB in structures. Some new buildings in Taiwan and China have adopted SBRBs as main earthquake-resisting members.
TitleDynamic Stability of Frictional Isolation Systems Excited by Simple Harmonic Waves
AuthorSheng-Hsuan Wang, Lap-Loi Chung, Yong-An Lai, Cho-Yen Yang
Keywordsfrictional isolation systems, simple harmonic waves, dynamic stability
AbstractAccording to the equivalent damping ratio formula of frictional isolation systems, the damping ratio becomes lower as the isolation displacement gets larger. Therefore, if the excitation is a simple harmonic wave with constant amplitude and ongoing input energy, then the displacement response of isolation systems will increase with time; on the contrary, the equivalent damping ratio of isolation system will decrease with time. The relationship between isolation displacement and damping ratio will make frictional isolation systems fall into the vicious circle and become dynamic unstable finally. To investigate the issue about dynamic stability of frictional isolation systems, we assumed the super-structure is rigid and the excitation is simple harmonic, and transformed the motion equation of isolation systems into the dimensionless form. We also set the response indices to help practical engineers preliminarily estimate the isolation design. Actually, real ground excitations will not make isolation systems dynamic unstable, but the vicious circle between displacement response and equivalent damping ratio of isolation systems is undoubted. For the reason that we proposed practical engineers take the characteristic into consideration to enhance the safety of isolation design.
TitleSeismic Vibration Control of Off-Shore Wind Turbines
AuthorLyan-Ywan Lu, Hsuan-Teh Hu, Tzu-Yao Lin, Bo-Hua Lin
KeywordsOff-shore wind turbines, seismic mitigation, mass damper, anti-resonance, energy dissipation, wind energy
AbstractSince Taiwan has one of the best wind-farms in the world, it is beneficial to develop renewable energy by using off-shore wind turbines. Nevertheless, since Taiwan is prone to earthquakes, the problem of seismic protection for the offshore wind turbines becomes an important issue. On the other hand, although current Taiwanese seismic design code is very stringent, it aims to ensure live safety in a major earthquake rather than the functionality of equipment in the structural system. In order to simultaneously ensure the safety and functionality of a wind turbine during a major earthquake, in this study, the possibility of using a mass damper (MD) system for mitigating the seismic response of offshore wind turbines is investigated. A MD system is established by introduced a soft and energy-dissipative layer between the nacelle and the supporting tower structure of a wind turbine. As a result, the interacting motion between the nacelle and underneath tower structure creates a significant anti-resonant phenomenon that is able to avert the seismic energy transmitted into the system. Different from a traditional tuned mass damper (TMD), the MD uses the mass of the nacelle itself as the reactive mass and its frequency may not be tuned to that of the structure. In this study, the seismic performance of a 5MW mono-pile off-shore wind turbine with the MD subjected to 16 seismic excitations is simulated. The simulation results have demonstrated that by properly selecting the MD parameters, i.e., the frequency and damping ratios, the acceleration of the nacelle and the base shear and moment of the supporting structure can be significantly reduced, as compared with a TMD-controlled or uncontrolled wind turbine. This implies that the MD technology is able to maintain the safety and functionality of a wind turbine in a major earthquake, simultaneously.

第三十卷第四期 (期別120) (104年)

第三十卷第四期 (期別120) (104年)

標題具耐震消能連接板之鋼橋柱耐震性能研究
作者陳生金、林南交
關鍵字耐震、消能、鋼橋柱
摘要本文介紹一創新之鋼橋柱設計,並探討其在地震下之行為,此創 新之工法可增進鋼橋柱在地震力下可提供良好之耐震性能。在鋼橋柱 之接合處其接合板以標準螺栓連結上下橋柱外,另於接合板設計消能 區,此消能區乃以設置系列之長槽孔,此長槽孔之目的在於降低連接 板之強度,使接合處之長槽孔位置之連結板可先行進入降伏,且因長 槽孔處之螺栓僅為緊貼狀態,避免長槽孔處之連接板可提供拉壓之強 度,且可使連接板進入降伏,可消散地震所輸入之能量。經由一系列 之橋柱反復受力下,證實可有效消散地震所輸入之能量,此新型之鋼 橋柱可達 6.55%變形轉角且強度未衰減。且塑性區已移至接合區,能 量消散則較傳統鋼橋柱高達 2 倍以上。且塑性區可預先選定位置,地震後可快速檢查。若消能區已發揮消能功能,亦可視需要更換消能連接板。
TitleResearch on the seismic resistance of steel bridge piers with energy dissipation plates
AuthorSheng-Jin Chen , Nan-jiao Lin
Keywordsseismic resistance , steel bridge piers , energy dissipation plates
AbstractA new type steel bridge column is proposed and examined for its seismic resistance. In this study, an innovated method is proposed for bridge column with enhanced force transmission and energy dissipation for seismic resistance. At the connection of the column, the force transmission is the same as the conventional design method. However in the connection plate, besides the conventional force transmission, part of the connection plate is designed to dissipate the seismic energy. In the designated energy dissipation area, a serial of slot-hole connections are provided. With this arrangement, the joint can provide a mechanism for force transmission and energy dissipation. A series of experimental study is carried out on the new type of bridge column. From this study, it is found that the new type steel column is able to reach seven times of yielding deformation, 6.55% radium of rotation angle, without decay on its strength. The plastic zone is moved to the connection plate. The dissipated energy based on the new method is more than two times as compare with the traditional steel bridge column. The energy dissipation zone can be preselected. After earthquake, it is easier to perform inspection, retrofit, or replace the damaged connection plate if necessary.
 
標題挫屈束制支撐鋼框補強鋼筋混凝土構架之研究
作者潘冠宇 、吳安傑 、李昭賢 、蔡克銓
關鍵字耐震補強、鋼筋混凝土結構、挫屈束制支撐、承壓塊、錨栓、軟化壓拉桿模型
摘要本研究利用鋼筋混凝土(reinforced concrete, RC)構架角隅處澆置之承壓塊作為RC 構架與補強斜撐系統間力量之傳遞介面,避免高度倚賴傳統補強工法中大量錨栓的使用,同時減少RC 構架與補強系統間之複合效應,斜撐軸力容量亦不直接受錨栓強度所限制。斜撐選用挫屈束制支撐(buckling-restrained brace, BRB)以避免傳統鋼斜撐受壓之挫屈行為,並藉由BRB 高勁度、高韌性與高消能容量的特性,以消散地震輸入之能量,降低結構受震反應。為驗證該補強工法之力量傳遞機制與耐震性能反應,並了解BRB 補強前後整體構架之性能反應差異,本研究設計兩組不同軸力容量之BRB 鋼框補強實尺寸RC 構架及一組安裝裸鋼框之RC 構架進行反覆載重試驗與非線性結構分析。試驗與分析結果顯示,本研究之耐震性能補強工法可使整體側向強度持續成長至3.0%弧度樓層側位移角,所提升之側向強度及勁度分別為安裝裸鋼框試體的2.2 及3.5 倍以上,有效提升既有RC 結構之側向強度、勁度及韌性容量,並藉由BRB 消散大部份的能量。本研究所提出之簡化分析方法及PISA3D 數值模型分析方法可供估計構架各構件之受力反應,有效預測補強構架側向強度,與試驗量測所得之構件受力反應差異均小於13.8%。此外,BRB 鋼框透過RC 構架角隅處承壓塊對梁端及柱端產生額外之局部剪力需求,可利用軟化壓拉桿模型簡算法有效且保守地評估該不連續區域構件之抗剪強度。
TitleSeismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Buckling-restrained Braced Frames
AuthorKuan-Yu Pan , An-Chien Wu, Chao-Hsien Li , Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsseismic retrofit, reinforced concrete frame, buckling-restrained brace, bearing block, post-installed anchor, softened strut-and-tie model
AbstractInstead of applying the post-installed anchors to transfer the seismic loads, the proposed retrofitting brace system consists of high-strength mortar bearing blocks constructed at the four corners of the existing reinforced concrete (RC) frame to transfer the earthquake forces. In comparison with the traditional retrofitting methods, it avoids the complex on-site anchor installation process. Thus, the brace force capacity is not directly limited by the anchor resisting strength. Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) are adopted in the proposed retrofitting system to improve the structural strength, stiffness and energy dissipation efficiency. In this study, cyclically increasing lateral displacements were imposed on two RC frames retrofitted with the same WT steel frames for different BRB strength capacities. Cyclic loading test on the third RC frame infilled with the same WT frame only was also conducted to evaluate the strength and stiffness enhancements. Test results indicate that the proposed retrofitting method is efficient in increasing the lateral strength up to the 3% drift ratio while achieving rather good ductility and energy-dissipating capacity. The increased lateral strength and stiffness were more than 2.2 and 3.5 times those of RC frame infilled with WT frame only, respectively. A simplified structural calculation and a detailed PISA3D analysis are proposed to show the effectiveness in predicting member demands to within 13.8% of the test measured test results. Under cyclic lateral loads, the steel braced frame imposes additional shear forces through the bearing blocks to both ends of the RC beam and column member discontinuity regions. In this research, the softened strut-and-tie model was satisfactorily applied in estimating the shear capacities for the discontinuity regions.
標題採最佳化黏滯阻尼設計公式之隔震實務設計流程
作者楊卓諺、王勝宣、劉紹魁、鍾立來、洪維良、陳陸民
關鍵字隔震設計流程、最佳黏滯阻尼、非設計地震
摘要由耐震設計中反應譜的觀念得知,當結構系統之週期較長時,有較低之設計地震力。而隔震系統乃呼應此一觀念,藉由延長結構系統之週期來降低上傳之水平地震力。而阻尼在隔震系統所扮演的角色,除了消能之外也能夠適當降低隔震層位移。由於地震震度與震波形式之不確定性,結構物於使用年限之間有可能碰到尖峰地表加速度(PGA)更甚於設計地震之非設計地震;或具有低頻特性之近斷層震波。因此,本文嘗試將本團隊所發表之黏滯阻尼最佳化設計公式融入業界習用之隔震設計流程,是為最佳化設計流程,並以設計地震、非設計地震、近斷層地震當作輸入,來探討業界習用之設計流程以及最佳化設計流程於隔震效果及隔震層位移之差異。本文分別針對設計地震力、1.5 倍設計地震力與近斷層地震力對一真實之隔震結構進行模擬分析。其結果顯示,兩種設計流程於三種外力下皆能有效降低加速度反應,但當外力為非設計地震力,即1.5 倍設計地震力與近斷層地震力時,僅最佳化設計流程能確保設計位移滿足隔震層位移反應之需求,故本設計流程實屬可行。而本設計流程相對於業界現行之設計流程僅多增加一步驟,並不會大幅影響工程師之設計習慣。再者,本設計流程已提供出隔震層阻尼之需求,可作為工程師決定阻尼之依據。
TitleStructural Isolation Design Procedures with Optimal Viscous Damping
AuthorCho-Yen Yang , Sheng-Hsuan Wang , Shao-Kuei Liu , Lap-Loi Chung, Wei-Liang Hung, Lu-Min Chen
Keywordsisolation design procedures, optimal viscous damping, non-design earthquake
AbstractBased on the concept of seismic design spectrum, the design seismic force is smaller when a structure possesses longer fundamental period. It is the main purpose for isolation system. The damping plays a significant role with function of energy dissipation and reducing the isolation displacement. Because of the uncertainty about earthquake intensity and fault activity, the structure may encounter a non-design earthquake with greater peak ground acceleration (PGA) or a near-fault earthquake within the structural service life. For this reason, we attempted to integrate the optimal viscous damping ratio formula into the conventional design procedures, called optimized design procedures, and chose a real case to do the time history analysis and then discussed the feasibility of optimized design procedure. Three earthquake types were utilized as input, one was the design earthquake, another was a non-design earthquake with PGA which was 1.5 times the design earthquake, the other was a near-fault earthquake. Regardless of the types of input, the isolation system with optimal damping ratio can play a good result about isolation effect and displacement. Therefore, we confirm integrating the optimal damping ratio formula into the conventional procedures is essential. For engineers, there is just one more step in the optimized design procedures than the conventional one, and the requirement of damping can be determined according to the proposed procedures.
標題實驗數據自動化參數擬合方法之研究-以BRB 實驗為例
作者莊明介、謝尚賢、吳安傑
關鍵字參數擬合、最佳化方法、梯度下降法、挫屈束制支撐、結構非線性分析
摘要地震工程研究人員在模擬結構試驗反應時,對於非線性材料模型的參數設定通常需要使用試誤法,因而耗費大量的時間。為了改善此現況,財團法人國家實驗研究院國家地震工程研究中心(國震中心)擬針對實驗數據,提供數值模型自動化參數擬合的服務。為達成此項目標,本研究針對此項服務的核心技術,即是參數擬合演算法進行研究。以國震中心經常執行的挫屈束制支撐(buckling-restrained brace, BRB)實驗為例,對於常見於鋼結構非線性模擬時,所採用的塑性硬化材料(hardening material)進行擬合演算法的探討。經由實際案例驗證,本研究以梯度下降法作為基礎,所提出的方法可以達成自動化參數擬合的目的,不僅能夠為國震中心的實驗資料庫提供加值服務,同時也創造了更多數據再利用的機會。
TitleModel fitting of the experiment of buckling-restrained brace by using gradient descent method
AuthorMing-Chieh Chuang, Shang-Hsien Hsieh, An-Chien Wu
Keywordsmodel fitting, optimization, gradient descent method, buckling-restrained brace, nonlinear simulation experiments
AbstractIn simulation of structural behavior, researchers often need to calibrate the parameters of a nonlinear material model with corresponding experimental data by using the trial and error method, which is very tedious and time consuming. To improve the efficiency of the calibration task, this research proposes an optimization approach using the classical gradient descent method to perform automated model fitting for the hardening material model of the buckling-restrained brace (BRB). Two component tests of the BRB conducted in the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering are used to test and validate the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach is not only more efficient but also more accurate in simulation of the BRB test results than the trial and error method.
標題 水泥砂漿添加飛灰與壓電材料力電性質之研究
作者 王和源、陳世豪、張書銓、林展全
關鍵字 智慧型、防災、飛灰、壓電材料、力電性質
摘要 台灣位於板塊交界帶,是地震及颱風頻繁的地區,時常造成許多天然災害,因此加強建築物智慧型功能的防災特性是急需探討解決的問題。隨著科技日新月異的進步,壓電複合材料已漸漸成為發展的趨勢,壓電複合材料也從機械、電機電子工程慢慢的轉移到土木工程,除了彌補原本基材功能上的不足,壓電材料的壓電效應也能製成控制器或感測器,大大的增加土木工程材料的功能性,讓土木工程應用最多的混凝土材料不再只是單純的優良抗壓性質,壓電材料也為混凝土增加具有許多智慧型的功能。本研究以再生材料搭配壓電材料,針對各組水泥砂漿其力學與電學之影響探討,了解水泥砂漿在不同電場環境及含水狀態下,其阻抗特性與機械行為的相關性,建立屬於再生材料與壓電材料水泥砂漿力電關係資料庫,找出各種變數間之關係,本研究利用體積法設計,比較組將飛灰取代水泥 [0%、10%、20%、30%],壓電組則再以PZT(鋯鈦酸鉛)壓電粉末取代5%細骨材製成水泥砂漿,進行流度、抗壓強度、吸水率、50V 及100V 電阻等力電性質之相互間關係試驗。於齡期28 天時,比較組抗壓強度為31.0-20.4MPa,壓電組則29.0-19.0MPa ; SSD 狀態之電性試驗50V 以比較組較高(1870-1588Ω.cm),壓電組則1419-1286Ω.cm;由此可知隨著飛灰取代量的增加其抗壓強度與電阻是降低的,比較組強度高於壓電組原因可能為壓電材料取代5%細骨材,且具有不吸水之特性,導致無法和細骨材及水泥作有效結合。
Title The Study for Engineering Properties of Cement Mortar added with Fly Ash and Piezoelectric Materials
Author Her-Yung Wang, Shyh-Haur Chen, Shu-Chuan Chang, Jhan-Cyue Lin
Keywords intelligent, disaster prevention, cement mortar, fly ash, piezoelectric materials (PZT), electromechanical properties
Abstract Taiwan, which is located in the plate junction, experiences frequent earthquakes, abundant rainfall during the typhoon season, and frequent natural disasters. Improvements in the intelligent disaster prevention functions of buildings are imperative. The development of piezoelectric composite materials has become more popular in recent years. Piezoelectric composite materials are used in civil engineering to compensate for the functional deficiencies of the original base materials. The piezoelectric effect of these materials can also be used for the preparation of controllers or sensors, which greatly increase the technological capabilities of civil engineering structures. The function of concrete, the most common material in civil engineering, is no longer to simply resist pressure; with the advent of intelligent piezoelectric materials. In this study, the piezoelectric material with recycled materials, for each group to explore the impact of cement mortar mechanical and electrical, the understanding of cement mortar in different farm environment and water content, the relevance of their impedance characteristics and mechanical behavior of recycled materials and to establish their piezoelectric materials cement mortar Electro relationship database to identify the relationship between the various variables. The cement mortar materials prepared by replacing the cement component with varying amounts of fly ash 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively (control group). The piezoelectric materials were prepared by replacing the 5% fine aggregate with piezoelectric powder (PZT group). The electromechanical properties were tested to assess the correlations among flow, compressive strength, water absorption, and electricity at 50 V and 100 V. The correlations between these properties were also investigated. At the curing age of 28 days, the compressive strength of the control group was in the range of 31.0-20.4 MPa, whereas the compressive strength of PZT group was in the range of 29.0-19.0 MPa. The control group exhibited higher results (1870-1588Ω.cm) in the electricity property test under 50 V, whereas PZT group exhibited lower results (1419-1286Ω.cm). The compressive strength and results of the electricity property tests demonstrated that the compressive strength and electrical resistance decreased as the replacement of fly ash increased. The strength of the control group was higher than the strength of PZT group because 5% of the fine aggregate was replaced by the piezoelectric material and the piezoelectric material was water-resistant. However, this study was just 5% of the fine aggregate replaced by the piezoelectric material that regarding the compressive strength.

Vol.30/No.4 (120) (2015)

Vol.30/No.4 (120) (2015)

TitleResearch on the seismic resistance of steel bridge piers with energy dissipation plates
AuthorSheng-Jin Chen , Nan-jiao Lin
Keywordsseismic resistance , steel bridge piers , energy dissipation plates
AbstractA new type steel bridge column is proposed and examined for its seismic resistance. In this study, an innovated method is proposed for bridge column with enhanced force transmission and energy dissipation for seismic resistance. At the connection of the column, the force transmission is the same as the conventional design method. However in the connection plate, besides the conventional force transmission, part of the connection plate is designed to dissipate the seismic energy. In the designated energy dissipation area, a serial of slot-hole connections are provided. With this arrangement, the joint can provide a mechanism for force transmission and energy dissipation. A series of experimental study is carried out on the new type of bridge column. From this study, it is found that the new type steel column is able to reach seven times of yielding deformation, 6.55% radium of rotation angle, without decay on its strength. The plastic zone is moved to the connection plate. The dissipated energy based on the new method is more than two times as compare with the traditional steel bridge column. The energy dissipation zone can be preselected. After earthquake, it is easier to perform inspection, retrofit, or replace the damaged connection plate if necessary.
 
TitleSeismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Buckling-restrained Braced Frames
AuthorKuan-Yu Pan , An-Chien Wu, Chao-Hsien Li , Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsseismic retrofit, reinforced concrete frame, buckling-restrained brace, bearing block, post-installed anchor, softened strut-and-tie model
AbstractInstead of applying the post-installed anchors to transfer the seismic loads, the proposed retrofitting brace system consists of high-strength mortar bearing blocks constructed at the four corners of the existing reinforced concrete (RC) frame to transfer the earthquake forces. In comparison with the traditional retrofitting methods, it avoids the complex on-site anchor installation process. Thus, the brace force capacity is not directly limited by the anchor resisting strength. Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) are adopted in the proposed retrofitting system to improve the structural strength, stiffness and energy dissipation efficiency. In this study, cyclically increasing lateral displacements were imposed on two RC frames retrofitted with the same WT steel frames for different BRB strength capacities. Cyclic loading test on the third RC frame infilled with the same WT frame only was also conducted to evaluate the strength and stiffness enhancements. Test results indicate that the proposed retrofitting method is efficient in increasing the lateral strength up to the 3% drift ratio while achieving rather good ductility and energy-dissipating capacity. The increased lateral strength and stiffness were more than 2.2 and 3.5 times those of RC frame infilled with WT frame only, respectively. A simplified structural calculation and a detailed PISA3D analysis are proposed to show the effectiveness in predicting member demands to within 13.8% of the test measured test results. Under cyclic lateral loads, the steel braced frame imposes additional shear forces through the bearing blocks to both ends of the RC beam and column member discontinuity regions. In this research, the softened strut-and-tie model was satisfactorily applied in estimating the shear capacities for the discontinuity regions.
TitleStructural Isolation Design Procedures with Optimal Viscous Damping
AuthorCho-Yen Yang , Sheng-Hsuan Wang , Shao-Kuei Liu , Lap-Loi Chung, Wei-Liang Hung, Lu-Min Chen
Keywordsisolation design procedures, optimal viscous damping, non-design earthquake
AbstractBased on the concept of seismic design spectrum, the design seismic force is smaller when a structure possesses longer fundamental period. It is the main purpose for isolation system. The damping plays a significant role with function of energy dissipation and reducing the isolation displacement. Because of the uncertainty about earthquake intensity and fault activity, the structure may encounter a non-design earthquake with greater peak ground acceleration (PGA) or a near-fault earthquake within the structural service life. For this reason, we attempted to integrate the optimal viscous damping ratio formula into the conventional design procedures, called optimized design procedures, and chose a real case to do the time history analysis and then discussed the feasibility of optimized design procedure. Three earthquake types were utilized as input, one was the design earthquake, another was a non-design earthquake with PGA which was 1.5 times the design earthquake, the other was a near-fault earthquake. Regardless of the types of input, the isolation system with optimal damping ratio can play a good result about isolation effect and displacement. Therefore, we confirm integrating the optimal damping ratio formula into the conventional procedures is essential. For engineers, there is just one more step in the optimized design procedures than the conventional one, and the requirement of damping can be determined according to the proposed procedures.
TitleModel fitting of the experiment of buckling-restrained brace by using gradient descent method
AuthorMing-Chieh Chuang, Shang-Hsien Hsieh, An-Chien Wu
Keywordsmodel fitting, optimization, gradient descent method, buckling-restrained brace, nonlinear simulation experiments
AbstractIn simulation of structural behavior, researchers often need to calibrate the parameters of a nonlinear material model with corresponding experimental data by using the trial and error method, which is very tedious and time consuming. To improve the efficiency of the calibration task, this research proposes an optimization approach using the classical gradient descent method to perform automated model fitting for the hardening material model of the buckling-restrained brace (BRB). Two component tests of the BRB conducted in the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering are used to test and validate the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach is not only more efficient but also more accurate in simulation of the BRB test results than the trial and error method.
TitleThe Study for Engineering Properties of Cement Mortar added with Fly Ash and Piezoelectric Materials
AuthorHer-Yung Wang, Shyh-Haur Chen, Shu-Chuan Chang, Jhan-Cyue Lin
Keywordsintelligent, disaster prevention, cement mortar, fly ash, piezoelectric materials (PZT), electromechanical properties
AbstractTaiwan, which is located in the plate junction, experiences frequent earthquakes, abundant rainfall during the typhoon season, and frequent natural disasters. Improvements in the intelligent disaster prevention functions of buildings are imperative. The development of piezoelectric composite materials has become more popular in recent years. Piezoelectric composite materials are used in civil engineering to compensate for the functional deficiencies of the original base materials. The piezoelectric effect of these materials can also be used for the preparation of controllers or sensors, which greatly increase the technological capabilities of civil engineering structures. The function of concrete, the most common material in civil engineering, is no longer to simply resist pressure; with the advent of intelligent piezoelectric materials. In this study, the piezoelectric material with recycled materials, for each group to explore the impact of cement mortar mechanical and electrical, the understanding of cement mortar in different farm environment and water content, the relevance of their impedance characteristics and mechanical behavior of recycled materials and to establish their piezoelectric materials cement mortar Electro relationship database to identify the relationship between the various variables. The cement mortar materials prepared by replacing the cement component with varying amounts of fly ash 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively (control group). The piezoelectric materials were prepared by replacing the 5% fine aggregate with piezoelectric powder (PZT group). The electromechanical properties were tested to assess the correlations among flow, compressive strength, water absorption, and electricity at 50 V and 100 V. The correlations between these properties were also investigated. At the curing age of 28 days, the compressive strength of the control group was in the range of 31.0-20.4 MPa, whereas the compressive strength of PZT group was in the range of 29.0-19.0 MPa. The control group exhibited higher results (1870-1588Ω.cm) in the electricity property test under 50 V, whereas PZT group exhibited lower results (1419-1286Ω.cm). The compressive strength and results of the electricity property tests demonstrated that the compressive strength and electrical resistance decreased as the replacement of fly ash increased. The strength of the control group was higher than the strength of PZT group because 5% of the fine aggregate was replaced by the piezoelectric material and the piezoelectric material was water-resistant. However, this study was just 5% of the fine aggregate replaced by the piezoelectric material that regarding the compressive strength.

第三十卷第三期 (期別119) (104年)

第三十卷第三期 (期別119) (104年)

標題考慮構件剪力跨深比影響之高強度鋼筋混凝土梁剪力裂縫控制
作者邱建國、林芳慶、陳少謙、紀凱甯
關鍵字高強度鋼筋混凝土、剪力強度、裂縫寬度、剪力跨深比、使用性、修復性
摘要本研究共進行十組四點荷重之簡支梁試驗,其中兩組斷面尺寸為400mm(寬)×700 mm(深),試體長度為6600mm,其餘八組試體斷面尺寸為350mm(寬)×500 mm(深),試體長度為4600mm 及2600mm 各四組,依剪力跨深比分為3.33、3.25、2.75、2.0 和1.75 五種,皆使用SD685 之主筋(6 根)搭配SD785 之箍筋(箍筋間距300mm),拉力筋比為2.04%及3.5%,箍筋比為0.21%及0.24%,混凝土強度為70-100MPa。上述試體規劃主要以剪力跨深比為參數,針對高強度鋼筋混凝土梁於剪力破壞下之剪力裂縫發展行為,除探討國外規範建議公式之適用性外,將依剪力裂縫角度、裂縫寬度(最大值與殘留值)及構件變形角之量化關係,建立梁構件剪力變形角之評估公式,且由混凝土剪力開裂應力、混凝土極限剪應力及構件斷面平均剪應力採線性迴歸之方法,建議各構件性能點之混凝土容許剪應力及箍筋容許應力,並建立高強度鋼筋混凝土梁構件使用性能確保及修復性能確保下,各構件性能點之容許剪應力計算公式。
TitleShear Crack Control for High-strength Reinforced Concrete Beams Considering the Shear-span to Depth Ratio of Member
AuthorChien-Kuo Chiu, Fang-Cing Lin, Shao-Cian Chen, Kai-Ning Chi
Keywordshigh-strength reinforced concrete, shear crack, span-depth ratio, serviceability, reparability
AbstractThis work tests ten full-size simple-supported beam specimens with the high-strength reinforcing steel bars (SD685 and SD785) using the four-point loading. The measured compressive strength of the concrete is in the range of 70-100 MPa. The main variable considered in the study is the shear-span to depth ratio. Base on the experimental date that include maximum shear crack width, residual shear crack width, angle of the main crack and shear drift ratio, a simplified equation are proposed to predict the shear deformation of the HSRC beam member. Besides of the post-earthquake damage assessment, these results can also be used to build the performance-based design for HSRC structures. And using the allowable shear stress at the peak maximum shear crack width of 0.4 mm and 1.0 mm to suggest the design formulas that can ensure serviceability (long-term loading) and reparability (short-term loading) for shear-critical high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beam members.
標題輕質粒料鋼筋混凝土版力學行為之研究
作者干裕成、顏聰、黃中和、林瑞陞
關鍵字輕質粒料、鋼筋混凝土版、撓曲、剪力
摘要本文主要在研究鋼筋輕質混凝土簡支版承受集中載重下之行為模式,並與普通鋼筋混凝土版進行比較,去探討混凝土版構件在不同變數下之力學行為。本研究共製作32 塊版構件,其變數有強度、配筋模式、版厚度等,主要在探討輕質混凝土版之承載力、延展性及破壞能等性質。研究結果顯示,雖然多數混凝土版構件之破壞模式未合乎降伏線理論之預期,且多呈現貫穿破壞情形,但版實際之極限承載力試驗值卻頗接近於理論分析值。另外,比較相同鋼筋量配置的混凝土版構件,鋼筋間距95mm 單層筋版之承載力皆高於鋼筋間距為190-190mm 雙層筋版,但後者所需之破壞能則較大且韌性較佳。
TitleA Study of Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Slab
AuthorYu-Cheng Kan, Ruey-Sheng Lin, Tsong Yen, Chung-Ho Hwang
KeywordsLightweight aggregate, RC slab, flexural, shearing
AbstractThe mechanical behavior of simply-supported reinforced lightweight concrete slab under a concentrated load is investigated herein. The test results were also compared to those obtained from normal concrete slabs. Totally 32 slabs in various strengths, thicknesses and rebar arrangements were fabricated and tested. The ultimate load, ductility and failure pattern were examined in each load test. The test results showed that the ultimate load of the slabs turned out very close to those calculated based on yield line theory. For the slab with the same amount of reinforcement, the slab including singly-reinforcement in 95 mm spacing performs higher load capacity than those including double- reinforced rebar with 190 mm spacing, but the latter needs more fracture energy and performs more ductile.
標題直接彎矩平衡之極限基底剪力
作者范揚志、鍾立來、楊卓諺、劉紹魁、洪維良、陳陸民
關鍵字極限基底剪力、耐震評估、塑性彎矩
摘要建築技術規則明訂高樓結構需要檢核極限基底剪力,乃確保每樓層都有一定程度的抗剪能力,且沒有劇烈之勁度變化。針對現行之規範,其並未明確訂定極限基底剪力之計算方式。本文提出直接彎矩平衡法,嘗試取出結構體中之一柱線為自由體,以直接彎矩平衡求得該柱線之極限基底剪力,對其餘各柱線以同樣方式計算並加總後,便可以求得整體結構之極限基底剪力,並與業界常見之勁度分配法與彈塑性比例法做比較並採用案例作分析。由分析結果驗證直接彎矩平衡法之可行性,對於現代建物,其有強柱弱梁之特性,因此工程師得以使用直接彎矩平衡法來分析其極限基底剪力。
TitleUltimate Base Shear by Direct Moment Equilibrium
AuthorYang-Chih Fan, Lap-Loi Chung, Cho-Yen Yang, Shao-KueiLiu, Wei-Liang Hung , Lu-Min Chen
Keywordsultimate base shear, seismic evaluation, plastic moment
AbstractThe verification of ultimate story shear is asked by building code to ensure the shear strength is sufficient and no significant variation of stiffness for each story. However, there is no exact definition about calculation of ultimate story shear from the current building code. In this paper, a new method named direct moment equilibrium method is proposed. The ultimate shear is determined by directly taking moment equilibrium for each column. The ultimate story shear is obtained by taking summation of ultimate shear from each column. The proposed direct moment equilibrium method is also compared with two other methods which are familiar in practical application. Finally, the complexity of calculation and feasibility of the direct moment equilibrium method are verified.
標題鋼板補強結構鋼板黏結狀況非破壞檢測最新發展及案例
作者鄭家齊、許耿蒼、黃啟倫、林宗志、潘彥廷
關鍵字混凝土、鋼板補強、非破壞檢測、應力波、板波、敲擊回音
摘要台灣公共工程以鋼板補強之結構眾多,部份結構修補已超過二十年,例如台北捷運文湖線高架軌道的墩柱,統計全線有兩百多根樑柱出現帽樑裂縫即是以鋼板包覆補強,在歷經二十年之長期營運震動環境及地震作用下,鋼板與混凝土間結合狀況不得而知。本篇介紹兩種以應力波檢測鋼板黏結狀況的方法,分別是敲擊回音法的正規化頻譜法,以及板波頻散曲線檢測法,並將此兩法應用於實際鋼板補強樓板案例,經由鑽心驗證成功證明兩種方法均能有效檢測鋼板與混凝土間黏結狀況。板波檢測的優點是可快速的由可感測時間原點敲擊源的單次敲擊,評估敲擊及接受器間測線40公分長度下方的介面黏結狀況,因此可由板波檢測法快速篩選鋼板補強結構有介面黏結問題的區域,再以敲擊回音正規化分析對問題區域做細部的檢測,達到快速且精確評估鋼板剝離的範圍的目的。
TitleThe latest development of using non-destructive test method for detecting the bonding condition of steel plate reinforced structure with field study
AuthorChia-Chi Cheng, Keng-Tsang Hsu, Chi-Luen Huang, Tsung-Chi Lin, Yeng-Ting Pan
Keywordsconcrete, steel plate reinforcement, non-destructive test, stress wave, impact-echo, Lamb wave
AbstractIn Taiwan, many infrastructural facilitiesuse steel plate to reinforce the structural member. Some of the repaired structures has been operated for 20 years. For example, cracks were found on the pier capping beams of more than 200 viaducts alone the Taipei MRT Wenhu lineduring construction and were repaired by covering the steel jacket. Experiencing long-term operational vibrations and earthquakes events for 20 years, the bonding condition between the steel plate and concrete isleft unknown. In this article, twomethods based on stress wave propagation for assessing the bonding condition between the steel plate and concrete were introduced – impact-echo normalized spectrum and the dispersion curve of the fundamental Lamb wave mode of steel plate. The validation of the two methods in field study is realized by applying tests on the steel plate reinforced floor of a food factory. The areas lack of epoxy fillings between the steel plate and concrete were identified using both methods andthe bonding conditions are confirmed by core drilling. The Lamb wave method, which is able to assess the bonding condition under the 400 mm test line, can be served as the tool for quick assessment while the impact-echo tests can be applied on the questionable area for detail identification of the poor-bond area.
標題考量位能效應之可變勁度隔震系統研發與應用
作者陳啟仁、林子剛、盧煉元
關鍵字勁度可變、隔震系統、槓桿式勁度可控隔震系統、結構控制、半主動控制、最佳動位能比例法
摘要台灣地處環太平洋地震帶,在集集大地震過後隔減震研究更受到重視。傳統隔震系統面臨近域地震時,會造成隔震層位移有嚴重放大之問題。為解決此問題,本研究致力開發考量位能特性之智慧型半主動結構控制律。研究首先以過去發展之隔減震控制律為基礎,增加考慮位能特性及位能權重參數,使能量考量更為全面,以研發出更具效益之智慧型半主動控制律。在數值模擬與試驗部分,考慮整體結構為多自由度之情況,使得模型符合實際需求,進而提升本系統可靠度。研究已開發完成半主動控制理論,其成效與傳統控制律相比,本研究提出之控制律可有效降低隔震層位移,且加速度反應亦具有更為良好之成效。於高雄第一科技大學進行之振動台試驗顯示近域地震情況下隔震位移可降至原反應的71%,且各控制律理論模擬與實驗情形相符。
TitleDevelopment and Application of Vibration Isolation System with Adaptive Stiffness Considering Potential Energy
AuthorChi-Jen Chen, Tzu-Kang Lin, Lyan-Ywan Lu
KeywordsPotential energy, Semi-active control, near-fault earthquake, MEW
AbstractIn recent years, a study of semi-active isolation system named Leverage-type Stiffness Controllable Isolation System (LSCIS) was proposed. The main concept of the LSCIS is to adjust the stiffness in the isolator for the fundamental period of the superstructure by a simple leverage mechanism. Although great performance has been achieved with the support of an algorithm considering the least input energy in far-field earthquakes, some result still reveal that the proposed system is not suitable in application for near-fault strong ground motion. To overcome this problem, an upgraded algorithm is proposed by considering the potential energy effect in the semi-active structural control system in this study. Firstly, the new algorithm is developed with the combination of the potential energy (Ep) and the kinetic energy (Ep) as the control objective to reduce the structural displacement responses efficiently. The optimal weightings between the potential and kinetic energy are then determined through a series of near-fault earthquake simulation. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a two-degree-of-freedom structure is used as a benchmark in both numerical simulation and experimental verification. The results have shown that the dynamic response of the structure can be effectively alleviated by the proposed algorithm under both far-field and near-fault earthquakes, while the structural responses by the original algorithm may be worse than the pure passive control. The feasibility of implementing the proposed system has also been experimentally verified.

Vol.30/No.3 (119) (2015)

Vol.30/No.3 (119) (2015)

TitleShear Crack Control for High-strength Reinforced Concrete Beams Considering the Shear-span to Depth Ratio of Member
AuthorChien-Kuo Chiu, Fang-Cing Lin, Shao-Cian Chen, Kai-Ning Chi
Keywordshigh-strength reinforced concrete, shear crack, span-depth ratio, serviceability, reparability
AbstractThis work tests ten full-size simple-supported beam specimens with the high-strength reinforcing steel bars (SD685 and SD785) using the four-point loading. The measured compressive strength of the concrete is in the range of 70-100 MPa. The main variable considered in the study is the shear-span to depth ratio. Base on the experimental date that include maximum shear crack width, residual shear crack width, angle of the main crack and shear drift ratio, a simplified equation are proposed to predict the shear deformation of the HSRC beam member. Besides of the post-earthquake damage assessment, these results can also be used to build the performance-based design for HSRC structures. And using the allowable shear stress at the peak maximum shear crack width of 0.4 mm and 1.0 mm to suggest the design formulas that can ensure serviceability (long-term loading) and reparability (short-term loading) for shear-critical high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beam members.
TitleA Study of Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Slab
AuthorYu-Cheng Kan, Ruey-Sheng Lin, Tsong Yen, Chung-Ho Hwang
KeywordsLightweight aggregate, RC slab, flexural, shearing
AbstractThe mechanical behavior of simply-supported reinforced lightweight concrete slab under a concentrated load is investigated herein. The test results were also compared to those obtained from normal concrete slabs. Totally 32 slabs in various strengths, thicknesses and rebar arrangements were fabricated and tested. The ultimate load, ductility and failure pattern were examined in each load test. The test results showed that the ultimate load of the slabs turned out very close to those calculated based on yield line theory. For the slab with the same amount of reinforcement, the slab including singly-reinforcement in 95 mm spacing performs higher load capacity than those including double- reinforced rebar with 190 mm spacing, but the latter needs more fracture energy and performs more ductile.
TitleUltimate Base Shear by Direct Moment Equilibrium
AuthorYang-Chih Fan, Lap-Loi Chung, Cho-Yen Yang, Shao-KueiLiu, Wei-Liang Hung , Lu-Min Chen
Keywordsultimate base shear, seismic evaluation, plastic moment
AbstractThe verification of ultimate story shear is asked by building code to ensure the shear strength is sufficient and no significant variation of stiffness for each story. However, there is no exact definition about calculation of ultimate story shear from the current building code. In this paper, a new method named direct moment equilibrium method is proposed. The ultimate shear is determined by directly taking moment equilibrium for each column. The ultimate story shear is obtained by taking summation of ultimate shear from each column. The proposed direct moment equilibrium method is also compared with two other methods which are familiar in practical application. Finally, the complexity of calculation and feasibility of the direct moment equilibrium method are verified.
TitleThe latest development of using non-destructive test method for detecting the bonding condition of steel plate reinforced structure with field study
AuthorChia-Chi Cheng, Keng-Tsang Hsu, Chi-Luen Huang, Tsung-Chi Lin, Yeng-Ting Pan
Keywordsconcrete, steel plate reinforcement, non-destructive test, stress wave, impact-echo, Lamb wave
AbstractIn Taiwan, many infrastructural facilitiesuse steel plate to reinforce the structural member. Some of the repaired structures has been operated for 20 years. For example, cracks were found on the pier capping beams of more than 200 viaducts alone the Taipei MRT Wenhu lineduring construction and were repaired by covering the steel jacket. Experiencing long-term operational vibrations and earthquakes events for 20 years, the bonding condition between the steel plate and concrete isleft unknown. In this article, twomethods based on stress wave propagation for assessing the bonding condition between the steel plate and concrete were introduced – impact-echo normalized spectrum and the dispersion curve of the fundamental Lamb wave mode of steel plate. The validation of the two methods in field study is realized by applying tests on the steel plate reinforced floor of a food factory. The areas lack of epoxy fillings between the steel plate and concrete were identified using both methods andthe bonding conditions are confirmed by core drilling. The Lamb wave method, which is able to assess the bonding condition under the 400 mm test line, can be served as the tool for quick assessment while the impact-echo tests can be applied on the questionable area for detail identification of the poor-bond area.
TitleDevelopment and Application of Vibration Isolation System with Adaptive Stiffness Considering Potential Energy
AuthorChi-Jen Chen, Tzu-Kang Lin, Lyan-Ywan Lu
KeywordsPotential energy, Semi-active control, near-fault earthquake, MEW
AbstractIn recent years, a study of semi-active isolation system named Leverage-type Stiffness Controllable Isolation System (LSCIS) was proposed. The main concept of the LSCIS is to adjust the stiffness in the isolator for the fundamental period of the superstructure by a simple leverage mechanism. Although great performance has been achieved with the support of an algorithm considering the least input energy in far-field earthquakes, some result still reveal that the proposed system is not suitable in application for near-fault strong ground motion. To overcome this problem, an upgraded algorithm is proposed by considering the potential energy effect in the semi-active structural control system in this study. Firstly, the new algorithm is developed with the combination of the potential energy (Ep) and the kinetic energy (Ep) as the control objective to reduce the structural displacement responses efficiently. The optimal weightings between the potential and kinetic energy are then determined through a series of near-fault earthquake simulation. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a two-degree-of-freedom structure is used as a benchmark in both numerical simulation and experimental verification. The results have shown that the dynamic response of the structure can be effectively alleviated by the proposed algorithm under both far-field and near-fault earthquakes, while the structural responses by the original algorithm may be worse than the pure passive control. The feasibility of implementing the proposed system has also been experimentally verified.

第三十卷第二期 (期別118) (104年)

第三十卷第二期 (期別118) (104年)

標題斜張橋懸臂施工過程之結構分析與探討
作者宋裕祺、王俊穎、張英發
關鍵字人工智慧、最佳化分析、施工階段分析
摘要長跨徑斜張橋在建造時常須採行懸臂施工方式,施工過程中橋梁結構型態、邊界條件及其受力狀況會隨施工階段之更迭而變化,為能確保閉合階段斜張橋之結構行為接近全橋設計的成果,懸臂施工過程之結構分析實屬重要。為此,本研究結合遺傳演算法(GA)與粒子群演算法(PSO),建立自動求解之最佳化正裝分析流程,並以社子大橋為案例進行分析與探討,結果顯示本文所提方法可得到各施工階段合理的鋼索預力值與結構狀態,供為擬訂施工規劃之參考。
TitleStudy on Structural Analysis of Cantilever Erection Process for Cable-Stayed Bridges
AuthorYu-Chi Sung, Chun-Ying Wang, Eng-Hwa Teo
KeywordsArtificial intelligence, Optimization analysis, Construction stage analysis
AbstractCantilever erection method is popularly used in construction of long span cable-stayed bridges. The structural configuration, boundary condition and construction loading are changed sequentially during erection process. In order to make the eventual structural performance at final erection stage consistent to the design of complete bridge, structural analysis of erection process is indeed important. This study used hybrid GA to develop an automatic analysis for cantilever erection process of the cable-stayed bridges. The case study was performed and the analytical results were discussed. The results obtained show the method developed can deal with the optimum construction planning of cable-stayed bridges using cantilever erection.
標題鋼骨箱型柱與內橫隔板T形電熱熔渣銲道接合品質研究
作者林兗強、莊勝智、李昭賢、林志翰
關鍵字鋼骨箱型柱、電熱熔渣銲、橫隔板、超音波檢測、熱影響區、沙丕凹槽韌性、硬度
摘要電熱熔渣銲(Electro-slag Welds,ESW)為鋼骨箱型柱製作柱內橫隔板最有效率的銲接方法之一,因此台灣鋼骨建築結構之箱型柱構件,廣泛使用ESW 做為柱內橫隔板與柱板接合之銲接方法。過去有關實尺寸鋼骨箱型柱之梁柱接合,對應柱內橫隔板與柱板採 ESW 銲接之接合者,經統計約超過25%之柱板與柱內橫隔板間 ESW 銲道接合,發生非預期性的脆性破壞,造成其梁柱接合在未充分發展非線性變形前即發生脆性斷裂。由破壞面之巨觀金相照片觀察發現,ESW 銲道偏移導致部分熔填不足,為造成此破壞的主要因素。本文針對箱型柱柱板與內橫隔板 ESW 銲接接合之力學特性、製作程序、與超音波檢測技術等進行研究,結果顯示,由於 ESW 銲接入熱量極高,導致熱量在不易消散之柱板側母材熱影響區(heat affected zone, HAZ) 發生顯著脆化現象,同時也發現,現行 ESW 銲道製作程序無法穩定地獲得預期的銲道品質,此可藉由適當的非破壞超音波試驗法,採用正確的檢驗程序與合理的檢測標準進行檢測, 得以經濟的方法獲得可確保的銲道品質。因此本文也提出一套完整且適用於鋼骨箱型柱中柱板與橫隔板 ESW 銲道接合的製作細節、超音波檢測程序與檢測標準,以排除箱型柱內柱板與橫隔板 ESW 銲道接合的製作偏移,而造成部分銲道熔透不足的現象發生, 以提升鋼骨箱型柱內橫隔板 ESW 銲道的製作品質,達到確保其梁柱接合能滿足規範要求之變形能力。
TitleQuality Assessments on T-Shape Electro-Slag Welds (ESWs) of Internal Diaphragm to Box-Column Plate
AuthorKer-Chun Lin, Sheng-Jhih Jhuang, Chao-Hsien Li, Chih-Han Lin
Keywordssteel box column, electro-slag welds (ESW), diaphragm, ultrasonic testing (UT), heat affected zone (HAZ), Charpy V-notch (CVN) toughness, hardness
AbstractThe welding procedure of electro-slag welds (ESW) is one of the most efficient welding methods for a T-shape joint of internal diaphragm to column plate of steel box column. Therefore, it is widely used to steel building structures in order to save making time of steel structure fabrication shop in Taiwan. Unfortunately, according to the past research results on beam-to-column connection with the box column, there was at least 25% fractured probability of ESWs joints, join internal diaphragm to column plate of the box column, to occur unacceptably premature brittle-fracture before its beam end’s plastic hinge not developing. Based on observation of macro metallurgical photos from the past studies, local inadequate melting due to welds bias is one of the most important factors to result in this failure mode. To prevent the ESW from fracture in the beam-to-column connection, this research focused on mechanical characteristics of ESW and near parts, fabrication procedure of the existing ESW in Taiwan and ultrasonic testing (UT) technology. The research results indicated that the ESW joint between internal diaphragm and column plate of the box column due to its high heat-input caused heat affected zone (HAZ) on base metal of the column plate brittle under its slow heat-dissipation from the column plate. In addition, the existing ESW technology can’t be effectively controlled and obtain stable quality of welds. However, the UT is a feasible and most economic nondestructive method to inspect the ESW welds. This research proposed an integral UT inspection technology include inspecting sensors, procedure and acceptable criteria. A fabricated detail also was advised in this paper to prevent the ESW from local inadequate melting. The proposed technologies of fabrication and inspection can not only effectively ensure the ESW quality but also significantly increase seismic performance of the steel beam-to-box column connections.
標題SERCB及NCREE軟體所決定RC梁柱構件剪力塑性鉸性質差異性之探討
作者高金盛、孫郁鈞、張靖
關鍵字梁柱構件、剪力、塑性鉸性質、耐震能力
摘要921 集集大地震之後,國內技師利用 SERCB 或 NCREE 軟體,積極展開低矮校舍結構之耐震能力評估及補強工作,至今十餘年,已累積相當豐富經驗。在國人對此二軟體充分熟悉之後,以及前文[1]在針對此二軟體所決定RC 梁柱構件彎矩塑性鉸性質差異性及其對 RC 建築結構耐震能力評估結果之影響進行深入探討後,本文繼續針對此二軟體所決定 RC 梁柱構件剪力塑性鉸性質差異性及其對 RC 建築結構耐震能力評估結果之影響,進行深入探討,藉以瞭解此二軟體是否有值得改善之處。
TitleInvestigation on the Differences between the Property of Shear Plastic Hinge of RC Beam and Column Members Determined by SERCB and NCREE Software
AuthorChin-Sheng Kao, Yu-Chun Sun, Jim Chang
KeywordsBeam and Column Members, Shear, Property of Plastic Hinge, Seismic Capability
AbstractSince the 921 Chi-chi earthquake, domestic technicians have used SERCB and NCREE software to actively assess and reinforce the seismic capacity of low-rise school structures for over ten years, and have accumulated a significant amount of experience. Now as domestic people have already fully understood these two sets of software and after the differences between the property of moment plastic hinge of RC beam and column members determined by these two sets of software have been investigated in the previous paper[1], this paper continues investigate the differences between the property of shear plastic hinge of RC beam and column members determined by these two sets of software as well as their impact on the assessment results of the seismic capacity of RC buildings structure in order to confirm whether there are areas of improvement for these two sets of software.
標題鋼筋混凝土含牆結構物非線性靜力分析之研究
作者陳信宏、蔡益超
關鍵字RC牆、等值柱、側向載重-側向位移反應、非線性靜力分析
摘要瞭解 RC 牆其側向載重-側向位移反應,乃是 RC 含牆結構物進行非線性靜力分析及評估其耐震能力的重要工作。本文說明如何適當地計算軸力-彎矩 作用下 RC 牆之彎矩-彎曲位移反應及使用修正壓力場理論(MCFT)與考量RC 牆高深比(Hin/Lw)之影響,計算軸力-剪力作用下 RC 牆之剪力-剪位移反應。經上述兩反應的結合,可以合理地決定 RC 牆於軸力-剪力-彎矩互制下之側向載重-側向位移反應。此外,本文於 SAP2000 或 ETABS 程式下, 建立一 6 層 RC 含牆及一 6 層開氣窗 RC 含牆構架,說明如何以等值柱模擬 RC 牆,並設置相關之塑鉸以進行非線性靜力分析,提供給工程師於應用上作為參考。
TitleA nonlinear static analysis study of a RC structure with walls
AuthorHsin-Hung Chen, I-Chau Tsai
KeywordsRC wall, equivalent column, lateral load-lateral displacement response, nonlinear static analysis
AbstractKnowing a lateral load-lateral displacement response of an RC wall is an important work of executing nonlinear static analysis and evaluating earthquake-resistant capacity of an RC structure with RC walls. This paper explains how to calculate the moment-bending displacement response of an RC wall under axial load and moment properly, and calculate the shear-shear displacement response of the RC wall under axial load and shear by using the modified compression-field theory (MCFT) with considering the effect of the height-depth ratio (Hin/Lw). By integrating the moment-bending displacement response and the shear-shear displacement response, the lateral load-lateral displacement response of the RC wall under axial load-moment-shear interaction can be decided reasonably. In addition, to provide an application illustration for engineers, this paper establishes a 6 floor RC structure with walls and a 6 floor RC structure with walls containing windows to explain how to use an equivalent column model to simulate an RC wall on SAP2000 or ETABS nonlinear static analysis.
標題以非線性靜力側推分析案例探討新建建物 耐震設計參數
作者周德光、葉勇凱
關鍵字 
摘要目前新建建物的設計係基於現行耐震設計規範,依據耐震需求與設定之容許韌性容量,再與反應譜結合,提供設計者最小設計水平總橫力,在構件未達到非線性階段條件下,進行彈性設計。而現行耐震評估程序係針對既有建物採用非線性側推分析,依據性能需求(如中震不壞)設定性能目標(如層間變位大小),以評估所得之性能目標地表加速度(性能目標所對應之地表加速度)與場址 475 年設計地震最大地表加速度比較,作為結構耐震能力是否足夠之依據。本文探討依最新耐震設計規範進行設計之建物,使用耐震評估之側推分析,從而比對其相關參數並加以探討。以土木 404-100「混凝土工程設計規範之應用」下冊提供之新建設計結構,進行非線性側推分析求取性能目標地表加速度,對於耐震設計規範中參數如降伏、極限水平總橫力及容量曲線顯示之韌性容量,皆比現行耐震設計規範法規需求值為高,顯示新建設計仍偏向保守。
TitleThe study of the seismic assessment parameters of a new design building by nonlinear static pushover analysis
AuthorTe-Kuang Chow, Yeong-Kae Yeh
Keywordsnew design, seismic design specification, seismic evaluation, nonlinear pushover analysis
AbstractAt present, the commonly used method for new building design is based on the current seismic design specification,according to seismic requirements and the allowable toughness capacity,which provides designers with minimum total horizontal force design level, and then combined with the response spectrum to complete the elastic design, before those structure members reach the nonlinear stage. The current seismic assessment procedures using the nonlinear pushover analysisgain the result .The result of performance target ground acceleration is used to compare with the site peak ground acceleration of design earthquake with a 475-year return period to evaluate the seismic capacity is enough or not.This article explores the parameters of their differences between the latest seismic design specifications in accordance with the building design and the use of seismic evaluation of pushover analysis.Using the Civil 404-100 as the new design case, run the nonlinear pushover analysis to gain the performance target ground acceleration.Whether initial yield lateral force or capacity curve, are higher than the current seismic design specifications. It illustrates that the current seismic design specifications has the more conservative minimum design lateral force and the toughness capacity.

Vol.30/No.2 (118) (2015)

Vol.30/No.2 (118) (2015)

TitleStudy on Structural Analysis of Cantilever Erection Process for Cable-Stayed Bridges
AuthorYu-Chi Sung, Chun-Ying Wang, Eng-Hwa Teo
KeywordsArtificial intelligence, Optimization analysis, Construction stage analysis
AbstractCantilever erection method is popularly used in construction of long span cable-stayed bridges. The structural configuration, boundary condition and construction loading are changed sequentially during erection process. In order to make the eventual structural performance at final erection stage consistent to the design of complete bridge, structural analysis of erection process is indeed important. This study used hybrid GA to develop an automatic analysis for cantilever erection process of the cable-stayed bridges. The case study was performed and the analytical results were discussed. The results obtained show the method developed can deal with the optimum construction planning of cable-stayed bridges using cantilever erection.
TitleQuality Assessments on T-Shape Electro-Slag Welds (ESWs) of Internal Diaphragm to Box-Column Plate
AuthorKer-Chun Lin, Sheng-Jhih Jhuang, Chao-Hsien Li, Chih-Han Lin
Keywordssteel box column, electro-slag welds (ESW), diaphragm, ultrasonic testing (UT), heat affected zone (HAZ), Charpy V-notch (CVN) toughness, hardness
AbstractThe welding procedure of electro-slag welds (ESW) is one of the most efficient welding methods for a T-shape joint of internal diaphragm to column plate of steel box column. Therefore, it is widely used to steel building structures in order to save making time of steel structure fabrication shop in Taiwan. Unfortunately, according to the past research results on beam-to-column connection with the box column, there was at least 25% fractured probability of ESWs joints, join internal diaphragm to column plate of the box column, to occur unacceptably premature brittle-fracture before its beam end’s plastic hinge not developing. Based on observation of macro metallurgical photos from the past studies, local inadequate melting due to welds bias is one of the most important factors to result in this failure mode. To prevent the ESW from fracture in the beam-to-column connection, this research focused on mechanical characteristics of ESW and near parts, fabrication procedure of the existing ESW in Taiwan and ultrasonic testing (UT) technology. The research results indicated that the ESW joint between internal diaphragm and column plate of the box column due to its high heat-input caused heat affected zone (HAZ) on base metal of the column plate brittle under its slow heat-dissipation from the column plate. In addition, the existing ESW technology can’t be effectively controlled and obtain stable quality of welds. However, the UT is a feasible and most economic nondestructive method to inspect the ESW welds. This research proposed an integral UT inspection technology include inspecting sensors, procedure and acceptable criteria. A fabricated detail also was advised in this paper to prevent the ESW from local inadequate melting. The proposed technologies of fabrication and inspection can not only effectively ensure the ESW quality but also significantly increase seismic performance of the steel beam-to-box column connections.
TitleInvestigation on the Differences between the Property of Shear Plastic Hinge of RC Beam and Column Members Determined by SERCB and NCREE Software
AuthorChin-Sheng Kao, Yu-Chun Sun, Jim Chang
KeywordsBeam and Column Members, Shear, Property of Plastic Hinge, Seismic Capability
AbstractSince the 921 Chi-chi earthquake, domestic technicians have used SERCB and NCREE software to actively assess and reinforce the seismic capacity of low-rise school structures for over ten years, and have accumulated a significant amount of experience. Now as domestic people have already fully understood these two sets of software and after the differences between the property of moment plastic hinge of RC beam and column members determined by these two sets of software have been investigated in the previous paper[1], this paper continues investigate the differences between the property of shear plastic hinge of RC beam and column members determined by these two sets of software as well as their impact on the assessment results of the seismic capacity of RC buildings structure in order to confirm whether there are areas of improvement for these two sets of software.
TitleA nonlinear static analysis study of a RC structure with walls
AuthorHsin-Hung Chen, I-Chau Tsai
KeywordsRC wall, equivalent column, lateral load-lateral displacement response, nonlinear static analysis
AbstractKnowing a lateral load-lateral displacement response of an RC wall is an important work of executing nonlinear static analysis and evaluating earthquake-resistant capacity of an RC structure with RC walls. This paper explains how to calculate the moment-bending displacement response of an RC wall under axial load and moment properly, and calculate the shear-shear displacement response of the RC wall under axial load and shear by using the modified compression-field theory (MCFT) with considering the effect of the height-depth ratio (Hin/Lw). By integrating the moment-bending displacement response and the shear-shear displacement response, the lateral load-lateral displacement response of the RC wall under axial load-moment-shear interaction can be decided reasonably. In addition, to provide an application illustration for engineers, this paper establishes a 6 floor RC structure with walls and a 6 floor RC structure with walls containing windows to explain how to use an equivalent column model to simulate an RC wall on SAP2000 or ETABS nonlinear static analysis.
TitleThe study of the seismic assessment parameters of a new design building by nonlinear static pushover analysis
AuthorTe-Kuang Chow, Yeong-Kae Yeh
Keywordsnew design, seismic design specification, seismic evaluation, nonlinear pushover analysis
AbstractAt present, the commonly used method for new building design is based on the current seismic design specification,according to seismic requirements and the allowable toughness capacity,which provides designers with minimum total horizontal force design level, and then combined with the response spectrum to complete the elastic design, before those structure members reach the nonlinear stage. The current seismic assessment procedures using the nonlinear pushover analysisgain the result .The result of performance target ground acceleration is used to compare with the site peak ground acceleration of design earthquake with a 475-year return period to evaluate the seismic capacity is enough or not.This article explores the parameters of their differences between the latest seismic design specifications in accordance with the building design and the use of seismic evaluation of pushover analysis.Using the Civil 404-100 as the new design case, run the nonlinear pushover analysis to gain the performance target ground acceleration.Whether initial yield lateral force or capacity curve, are higher than the current seismic design specifications. It illustrates that the current seismic design specifications has the more conservative minimum design lateral force and the toughness capacity.

第三十卷第一期 (期別117) (104年)

第三十卷第一期 (期別117) (104年)

標題結構設計不當可能賠償責任之探討
作者謝彥安
關鍵字 
摘要工程顧問公司或技師事務所之結構設計者承接工程設計工作,並提供發包予營造廠施作,如後續工程發生瑕疵毀損,設計者是否需負民事上之損害賠償責任?我國法院如何認定有關責任?作者援引我國法院民事判決,該案法官即衡酌施工過程中之契約及有關文書、相關鑑定報告、證人證詞等事證,最終判定設計者需負20%之過失責任,應值得參考。最後,作者解析我國法院對於工程爭議發生時之可歸責性判斷方式,並提供設計者於工作進行中應注意之要點,以保障自身權益。
TitleA Study on the Possible Liability of Defective Structural Design
AuthorYen-An Shieh
Keywords 
AbstractStructural designers in the engineering consultants or the professional Engineering offices design for construction by construction company. Will the designers need to bear civil compensation due to engineering defects? How the court finds responsibility? The author cites the judgment of the civil court. The judge in the case considered the contract information, appraisement report, witness’s statement and so on to judge designers with 20% responsibility. It should be worth considering. Finally, the author determines how to resolve accountability of the construction controversies in the civil court , and provides designers the considering points in work in order to protect their own rights.
標題挫屈束制支撐構架設計概要與工程應用
作者吳安傑、林保均、莊明介、蔡克銓
關鍵字挫屈束制支撐、鋼制震裝置、等效勁度、接合板、梁柱開合效應、耐震設計、容量設計
摘要挫屈束制支撐(buckling-restrained brace, BRB)可由習見之營建材料與工藝製造,利用BRB 構成的挫屈束制支撐構架(buckling-restrained braced frame, BRBF)能很經濟地提升抗震所需之勁度、強度與韌性。本文說明BRB的構造原理與設計原則,介紹常見的BRB 組成與接合類型,闡明核心消能段長度比對BRB 等效勁度及核心消能段應變量的影響。除了介紹BRBF 系統設計流程外,亦說明設計BRB 邊界梁柱構件應特別注意的細節,並提出BRB 接合板設計與破壞檢核建議。本文也介紹由國家地震工程研究中心全球首創之雲端設計軟體,利用設計實例示範本軟體在BRB 構件及接合的設計功能。最後以國內近年來10 件應用BRB 之實際工程案為例,介紹國內工程師對BRB 所制訂的品質檢核與性能驗證試驗方式,並利用其中10 組BRB 反覆載重驗證試驗結果說明BRB 應具備之受力變形行為與合格標準。
TitleSeismic design and applications of buckling-restrained braced frames
AuthorAn-Chien Wu , Ming-Chieh Chuang , Pao-Chun Lin , Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsbuckling-restrained brace, hysteretic damper, effective stiffness, gusset connection, frame action effect, seismic design, capacity design
AbstractBuckling-restrained braces (BRBs) can be conveniently fabricated using common construction materials and techniques. Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) employing BRBs offer desirable seismic resistant lateral strength, stiffness and ductility. This paper introduces the basic concept, key design principles, the various compositions and connection details of BRBs. Effects of the ratio between the BRB yield region length and the brace work point-to-work point length on the BRB axial effective stiffness, the frame yield story drift, and the BRB core strain level are illustrated. This paper discusses the design procedures of the BRBF system, the capacity design principle of the columns and beams adjacent to the BRBs. Recommendations on the design of gussets are also given. The effectiveness of an innovative cloud service, Brace on Demand (BOD), for automated design of BRBs and end connections is demonstrated. Qualifying test results of 10 practical BRBs randomly selected from recent 10 application projects are discussed to demonstrate how Taiwan engineers practice the BRB quality control for building construction projects. Acceptance criteria of the BRB qualifying tests are presented.
標題含組合繫筋及組合內箍筋RC柱之耐震性能
作者李台光、陳正誠
關鍵字組合繫筋、組合內箍筋、RC 柱、耐震性能
摘要組合繫筋為由兩支一端為180 度彎鉤另一端為直線的J 形鋼筋搭接組合而成;組合內箍筋為由兩支U 形鋼筋搭接組合而成。本研究完成4 支大尺寸鋼筋混凝土柱試體之反復側向載重試驗,探討含組合繫筋及組合內箍筋柱之耐震性能。研究結果顯示:(1)含組合繫筋及組合內箍筋試體之韌性,明顯比含傳統繫筋之試體優異,也比含兩端皆為180 度彎鉤一體繫筋之試體佳;(2)組合繫筋及組合內箍筋的施工性佳,尤其是組合繫筋不但施工簡便且施工誤差可降到很低,可以明顯提升RC 柱鋼筋之施工品質及RC 結構之耐震性能;(3)組合繫筋及組合內箍筋以鋼筋拉力搭接組合而成,本文提供滿足搭接長度需求所需之最小柱尺寸,方便工程實務應用。
TitleThe seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns using the lap-spliced crosstie and lap-spliced inner hoop
AuthorTai-Kuang Lee , Cheng-Cheng Chen
Keywordslap-spliced crosstie, lap-spliced inner hoop, RC columns, seismic performance
AbstractA lap-spliced crosstie consists of two J- shaped steel bars (rebars) that have a straight end and an end featuring a 180° hook. A lap-spliced inner hoop is the lap splice of two U-bars. In this study, a lateral cyclic load test was conducted on four specimens of large-sized reinforced concrete (RC) columns to investigate the seismic resistance capability of RC columns comprising lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced i nner hoops. The research results are presented as follows: (a) The ductility of the specimens that adopted the lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced inne r hoops was significantly superior to that of the specimens using conventional crossties and crossties featuring a 180° hook on the two ends. (b) The constructability of the lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced inner hoops was satisfactory. In particular, using lap-spliced crossties in construction is easy and pr oduces a low possibility of construction errors. Therefore, the construction qua lity of RC column reinforcement and the seismic resistance capability of RC structures can be substantially increased. (c) The lap-spliced crosstie and lap-spliced inner hoop were formed on the basis of the tension lap splice of rebars. The column size used in this study fulfilled the minimum column size requirement fo r lap splice and can therefore be conveniently applied in engineering practices.
標題救災用鋼與玻璃纖維複合材料非對稱斜張橋之研究與開發
作者宋裕祺、葉芳耀、洪曉慧、張國鎮、尹世洵、邱毅宗、許哲愷、李政寬、周中哲、劉楨業、莊瑞彰、潘威佑
關鍵字救災用複合材料橋梁、非對稱斜張橋、輕量化、易組裝與可重覆使用橋梁
摘要為避免洪災或地震引致橋梁損毀,造成某些地區因聯外道路中斷而形成孤島,如何研提一適合的橋梁形式,能在短暫時間內以有限的人力、機具組裝完成且可重複拆解使用,以符合臨時搶救災之功能,實屬重要。本文研擬應用複合纖維材料於輕量化救災橋梁之規劃、分析、設計與快速組裝,採用非對稱跨徑(12m + 20 m)之單塔自錨式複合斜張橋,設計目標為可通行五噸載貨小卡車與具備快速搭建、拆卸與可重複使用之功能。本文所研提輕量化救災橋梁之組裝係以全程模擬處於受災現場為基準,採用懸臂施工且須於8 小時內架設完成,並且經由現地載重實驗顯示設計橋型與組裝規劃均屬可行。最後根據有限元素法建構輕便橋實體模型,詳細模擬玻璃纖維複合材料之疊層性質與行為,並與實驗結果進行比對。相關研究成果冀能在緊急災害發生時,讓救災人員、救援物資於短時間內快速搶進至受災地區,以降低災害帶來的損失,發揮最大的救援效果。
TitleResearch and development on steel-GFRP composite asymmetric cable-stayed bridge for emergency disaster relief
AuthorYu-Chi Sung ,Fang-Yao Yeh ,Hsiao-Hui Hung ,Kuo-Chun Chang ,Shih-Hsun Yin, Yi-Tsung Chiu, Che-Kai Hsu, Zheng-kuan Lee, Chung-Che Chou, Tony C. Liu, Jui-Chang Chuang, Wei-Yiu Pan
KeywordsComposite bridge for emergency disaster relief, asymmetric cable-stayed bridge, lightweight, portable, and reusable bridge
AbstractOwing to recent extreme climates, typhoons, floods, and earthquakes have become large natural disaster threats in Taiwan over the years. Such natural disasters have caused damage to some bridges, consequently isolating residential communities located on mountains, and hampering the ability to delivery emergency relief supplies to those communities. In order to provide quick emergency relief, the simple construction of a temporary bridge becomes critical for the transportation of food an d medical supplies into the emergency disaster areas. While composite materials for footbridges and vehicular traffic applications have been widely used overseas, they are not suitable for disaster relief applications. The objective of this paper is to present a novel bridge structure for a portable, reusable, and lightweight bridge. This paper focuses on the analysis, design, and experimental verification of a temporary composite bridge for disaster relief. To provide safe traffic diversion, this paper designs and constructs a cable-stayed bridge with 20 m main span by using fiber reinforced polymer material, the bridge can be constructed in 8 hours and can hold 5-ton trucks. After construction, a series of tests were conducted to verify the fact that the bridge can conform to the design purpose. In addition, these tests were numerically simulated by finite element analysis software ANSYS, and make a comparison between experimental and numerical results to investigate the accuracy of numerical modeling of the bridge. Ultimately, it advocates composite bridges for disaster relief applications.
標題半圓頂型屋蓋結構表面平均風壓後數設計值之探討
作者羅元隆、孫濤、李家豪、鄭啟明
關鍵字半圓頂型屋蓋結構、表面風壓係數、高跨比、分區
摘要大跨徑屋蓋結構為現今社會常見的結構型態之一,具有大空間且多功能的特性。依照我國建築物耐風設計規範中定義,此類結構物高寬比多偏小,應可歸類為低矮建物。然而由於跨度大且材質輕的特性,屋蓋表面受風壓分佈影響甚鉅,一般不建議以簡易計算方式給定設計風力載重,而另行於規範中表列其表面風壓係數設計值提供給工程師參考。本研究進行以探討各國規範於大跨徑屋蓋結構中,半圓頂型屋蓋結構表面平均風壓係數的設計值為主,輔以風洞實驗結果,進而探討目前國內規範應對於此類結構型態之表面風壓係數設計值作何修正或建議,並提出本研究於未來規範修訂之建議方案。由初步的風洞實驗結果與各國規範設計值之比較可看出,除了表面風壓特性應具有分區概念(Zoning concept)以外,屋蓋結構的高跨比(f/D)與底座高跨比(h/D)對於分區之影響亦應列入規範修訂考量。
TitleDesign Values of Mean Pressure Coefficients for Domed Roofs
AuthorYuan-Lung Lo, Tao Sun, Chia-Hao Lee, Chii-Ming Cheng
KeywordsDomed roof, External pressure coefficient, Height-span ratio, Zoning
Abstract

Large span roof structures are one of the most welcomed structural types for its spatial feature and multi-functional performance. Most of them are categorized as low-rise buildings; however, its light-weight and long span characteristics make wind pressures dominate the subsequent structural response and make the wind load evaluation a difficult task. The simplified methodology of design wind loads may not be adoptable. In this research, systematic wind tunnel tests and several codes were compared and discussed on the domed roof structures, which is one category of large span roof structures. It was demonstrated that the design values in several codes may cause over conservative or unfavorable unsafe design in certain local area of the roof surface. Based on wind tunnel data, this research proposed a suggestive flowchart to evaluate the mean wind pressure coefficients in terms of span height ratio (f/D) and wall height ratio (h/D).

 

Vol.30/No.1 (117) (2015)

Vol.30/No.1 (117) (2015)

TitleA Study on the Possible Liability of Defective Structural Design
AuthorYen-An Shieh
Keywords 
AbstractStructural designers in the engineering consultants or the professional Engineering offices design for construction by construction company. Will the designers need to bear civil compensation due to engineering defects? How the court finds responsibility? The author cites the judgment of the civil court. The judge in the case considered the contract information, appraisement report, witness’s statement and so on to judge designers with 20% responsibility. It should be worth considering. Finally, the author determines how to resolve accountability of the construction controversies in the civil court , and provides designers the considering points in work in order to protect their own rights.
TitleSeismic design and applications of buckling-restrained braced frames
AuthorAn-Chien Wu , Ming-Chieh Chuang , Pao-Chun Lin , Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsbuckling-restrained brace, hysteretic damper, effective stiffness, gusset connection, frame action effect, seismic design, capacity design
AbstractBuckling-restrained braces (BRBs) can be conveniently fabricated using common construction materials and techniques. Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) employing BRBs offer desirable seismic resistant lateral strength, stiffness and ductility. This paper introduces the basic concept, key design principles, the various compositions and connection details of BRBs. Effects of the ratio between the BRB yield region length and the brace work point-to-work point length on the BRB axial effective stiffness, the frame yield story drift, and the BRB core strain level are illustrated. This paper discusses the design procedures of the BRBF system, the capacity design principle of the columns and beams adjacent to the BRBs. Recommendations on the design of gussets are also given. The effectiveness of an innovative cloud service, Brace on Demand (BOD), for automated design of BRBs and end connections is demonstrated. Qualifying test results of 10 practical BRBs randomly selected from recent 10 application projects are discussed to demonstrate how Taiwan engineers practice the BRB quality control for building construction projects. Acceptance criteria of the BRB qualifying tests are presented.
TitleThe seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns using the lap-spliced crosstie and lap-spliced inner hoop
AuthorTai-Kuang Lee , Cheng-Cheng Chen
Keywordslap-spliced crosstie, lap-spliced inner hoop, RC columns, seismic performance
AbstractA lap-spliced crosstie consists of two J- shaped steel bars (rebars) that have a straight end and an end featuring a 180° hook. A lap-spliced inner hoop is the lap splice of two U-bars. In this study, a lateral cyclic load test was conducted on four specimens of large-sized reinforced concrete (RC) columns to investigate the seismic resistance capability of RC columns comprising lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced i nner hoops. The research results are presented as follows: (a) The ductility of the specimens that adopted the lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced inne r hoops was significantly superior to that of the specimens using conventional crossties and crossties featuring a 180° hook on the two ends. (b) The constructability of the lap-spliced crossties and lap-spliced inner hoops was satisfactory. In particular, using lap-spliced crossties in construction is easy and pr oduces a low possibility of construction errors. Therefore, the construction qua lity of RC column reinforcement and the seismic resistance capability of RC structures can be substantially increased. (c) The lap-spliced crosstie and lap-spliced inner hoop were formed on the basis of the tension lap splice of rebars. The column size used in this study fulfilled the minimum column size requirement fo r lap splice and can therefore be conveniently applied in engineering practices.
TitleResearch and development on steel-GFRP composite asymmetric cable-stayed bridge for emergency disaster relief
AuthorYu-Chi Sung ,Fang-Yao Yeh ,Hsiao-Hui Hung ,Kuo-Chun Chang ,Shih-Hsun Yin, Yi-Tsung Chiu, Che-Kai Hsu, Zheng-kuan Lee, Chung-Che Chou, Tony C. Liu, Jui-Chang Chuang, Wei-Yiu Pan
KeywordsComposite bridge for emergency disaster relief, asymmetric cable-stayed bridge, lightweight, portable, and reusable bridge
AbstractOwing to recent extreme climates, typhoons, floods, and earthquakes have become large natural disaster threats in Taiwan over the years. Such natural disasters have caused damage to some bridges, consequently isolating residential communities located on mountains, and hampering the ability to delivery emergency relief supplies to those communities. In order to provide quick emergency relief, the simple construction of a temporary bridge becomes critical for the transportation of food an d medical supplies into the emergency disaster areas. While composite materials for footbridges and vehicular traffic applications have been widely used overseas, they are not suitable for disaster relief applications. The objective of this paper is to present a novel bridge structure for a portable, reusable, and lightweight bridge. This paper focuses on the analysis, design, and experimental verification of a temporary composite bridge for disaster relief. To provide safe traffic diversion, this paper designs and constructs a cable-stayed bridge with 20 m main span by using fiber reinforced polymer material, the bridge can be constructed in 8 hours and can hold 5-ton trucks. After construction, a series of tests were conducted to verify the fact that the bridge can conform to the design purpose. In addition, these tests were numerically simulated by finite element analysis software ANSYS, and make a comparison between experimental and numerical results to investigate the accuracy of numerical modeling of the bridge. Ultimately, it advocates composite bridges for disaster relief applications.
TitleDesign Values of Mean Pressure Coefficients for Domed Roofs
AuthorYuan-Lung Lo, Tao Sun, Chia-Hao Lee, Chii-Ming Cheng
KeywordsDomed roof, External pressure coefficient, Height-span ratio, Zoning
Abstract

Large span roof structures are one of the most welcomed structural types for its spatial feature and multi-functional performance. Most of them are categorized as low-rise buildings; however, its light-weight and long span characteristics make wind pressures dominate the subsequent structural response and make the wind load evaluation a difficult task. The simplified methodology of design wind loads may not be adoptable. In this research, systematic wind tunnel tests and several codes were compared and discussed on the domed roof structures, which is one category of large span roof structures. It was demonstrated that the design values in several codes may cause over conservative or unfavorable unsafe design in certain local area of the roof surface. Based on wind tunnel data, this research proposed a suggestive flowchart to evaluate the mean wind pressure coefficients in terms of span height ratio (f/D) and wall height ratio (h/D).