teacher 親愛的會員大家好，
代轉發以下資訊：
鋼骨鋼筋混凝土構造規範修正研擬及耐震技術講習會
主辦單位：內政部建築研究所、中華民國地震工程學會
協辦單位：財團法人國家實驗研究院國家地震工程研究中心
時 間：111年11月21日(星期一) 下午01：30至下午5：00
地 點：大坪林聯合開發大樓15樓國際會議廳
(新北市新店區北新路三段200號)
費 用：免費
名 額：額滿為止。
報名方式：即日起至111年11月16日完成報名。
報名網址：https://conf.ncree.org.tw/index.aspx?n=A11111210
聯絡電話：02-66300924 林瑞綿 小姐
備 註：
(一) 本講習會已向行政院公共工程委員會申請技師換證積點，及公務人員終身學習積點。
(二) 因應新冠肺炎疫情蔓延，與會人員請落實自我健康狀況監測，有發燒（耳溫高於38度C或額溫高於37.5度C）、呼吸道症狀或腹瀉等，應避免參加本次活動，建議參與活動期間，自備口罩及飲用杯具，以維護自身與他人安全。
中華民國結構工程學會 敬啟－11/08/2022
親愛的會員大家好，
代轉發以下資訊：
「建築物耐震設計規範及解說」部分規定修正說明會
主 辦 單 位：內政部營建署
協 辦 單 位：財團法人國家實驗研究院國家地震工程研究中心
內政部營建署業於111年6月14日以台內營字第1110810765號令修正「建築物耐震設計規範及解說」部分規定，自中華民國111年10月1日生效，因本次規範內容有相當幅度修改，為向業界及各相關團體推廣與說明本次修正重點，並正確運用規範要求，爰在台灣北、中、南部地區舉辦宣導說明會。
北、中、南三場說明會的報名網頁如下：
台北場（2022年11月8日，地點：國立台灣大學應用力學研究所國際會議廳）
https://conf.ncree.org.tw/index.aspx?n=A11111010
台中場（2022年11月18日，地點：國立中興大學雲平廳）
https://conf.ncree.org.tw/index.aspx?n=A11111180
台南場（2022年12月1日，地點：台南文化創意園區1A香蕉商場）
https://conf.ncree.org.tw/index.aspx?n=A11112010
中華民國結構工程學會 敬啟－11/01/2022
親愛的會員大家好，
「2022女科技人大會」
本次會議由中國工程師學會、台灣女科技人學會、
女性科技人在職場與學校，發現塑造更好的性別平等組織、
大會同時有現場與線上會議，
線上參與活動報名表單(含議程)：https://forms.
更多訊息，請見大會網站: http://WiST2022.
中華民國結構工程學會 敬啟－11/01/2022
親愛的會員大家好,提供以下資訊請參考,謝謝
國立臺灣科技大學台灣建築科技中心及營建工程系訂於111年10月31日至11月2日於國際大樓101會議室舉辦「可靠度工程與風險管理之新興發展暨創新應用國際研討會」，此次研討會邀請美、日、韓等國知名學者專家來台，歡迎報名。
主題演講者名單：https://www.ediarr.ntust.edu.tw/keynote-speakers
報名網址：https://www.ediarr.ntust.edu.tw/registration
研討會全程免費並可辦理技師訓練積分及公務人員學習認證。
中華民國結構工程學會 敬啟-10/28/2022。
「結構工程」季刊第145期(第37卷第3期)
電子檔已經上線。歡迎會員登入後下載全文。
中文網址: 第37卷第3期 (2022)
英文網址: Vol.37 / No.3 (2022)
若有任何意見歡迎 email 至 csse@csse.org.tw。
| 標題 | 臺灣鋼骨鋼筋混凝土構造規範之柱及梁柱接頭設計條文修訂發展 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 劉郁芳、周德光、周中哲、黃司睿、陳蓮安 |
| 關鍵字 | 鋼骨鋼筋混凝土結構、柱設計、鋼柱寬厚比、梁柱接頭、接頭剪力強度 |
| 摘要 | 本研究收集鋼骨鋼筋混凝土(Steel Reinforced Concrete, SRC)柱及梁柱抗彎接頭最新國外設計規範及研究成果，再與臺灣鋼骨鋼筋混凝土規範及近年之研究進行分析比較，其中在SRC 柱設計方面，對於混凝土強度、鋼骨強度、柱主筋間距、鋼柱寬厚比等在考慮研究及工程實務的可行性，提出設計條文建議修訂。另外鋼筋混凝土柱與鋼梁(Reinforced Concrete Steel，RCS)之接頭已被美國及日本規範列為一種抗彎接頭，臺灣規範目前尚未有此種接頭設計方法，但學術界及實務界已有一些相關研究供參考，本研究針對RCS 接頭整合美日規範的設計理論，再與國內外研究的成果彙整成RCS接頭剪力設計方法作為規範修訂參考。藉由此次國內外相關規範研究及實驗結果彙整工作，修訂2011 年版的鋼骨鋼筋混凝土構造設計規範與解說以期更符合現今國內實務應用及國際技術發展。 |
| Title | Design Revision of Column and Beam-to-Column Moment Connection in Taiwanese Specification of Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures |
|---|---|
| Author | Yu-Fang Liu, Te-Kuang Chow, Chung-Che Chou, Szu-Jui Huang, Lien-An Chen |
| Keywords | Steel-Reinforced-Concrete (SRC) Structure, Column, Width-to-Thickness Ratio, Beam-to-Column Moment Connection, Shear Strength of Connection, |
| Abstract | The design specifications and literatures related to SRC columns and beamcolumn connections in the United States, Japan, and Taiwan were collected for the revision of Taiwan Design Specifications and Commentary of Steel- Reinforced-Concrete Structures. The revision recommendation will be expected to be an essential reference for design and construction of SRC structures in Taiwan. Design of Reinforced-Concrete-Column and steel beam connection (called RCS connection) has been included in the design specifications of United States and Japan. However, this connection type has not been included in Taiwan specifications. This work was focused on revision of SRC code in Taiwan. In terms of SRC column design, concrete strength, steel strength, column reinforcement spacing, and column width-to-thickness ratio are revised based on AISC 341 (2016). Integrating the design theories of U.S. and Japan, as well as the research results in Taiwan, a new section of RCS design was recommended to the updated SRC code. |
| 標題 | 變斷面桁架圍束式挫屈束制支撐設計分析與試驗研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 陳律安、吳安傑、陳雋、蔡克銓 |
| 關鍵字 | 挫屈束制支撐、桁架圍束單元、撓曲剛度、剪力剛度、挫屈強度、有限元素分析 |
| 摘要 | 挫屈束制支撐（buckling-restrained brace, BRB）能經濟且有效地提升結構勁度、強度與韌性消能行為，已廣泛運用於建築結構系統。桁架圍束式挫屈束制支撐（truss-confined BRB, TC-BRB）為新型BRB，特點在中央圍束鋼管外再配置由特定數量、方向及尺寸之桁架系統，並與中央鋼管共同構成圍束單元，提供所需之撓曲剛度。此種桁架圍束系統可使中央鋼管與內灌砂漿之斷面大幅下降，能減少自重但仍維持設計強度；此優勢特別利於長跨與高軸力BRB 之應用。本研究擴充、改良與簡化過去研究的理論模型與設計方法，提出變斷面桁架圍束系統及中央鋼管等效剛度的精確計算方法，利用能量法評估圍束單元彈性挫屈強度，並提供簡化計算方式。為進一步驗證分析理論，本研究新增規劃兩組1/3 縮尺之變斷面TC-BRB 試體，設計長度與強度分別約為6.3 米與90 噸，採用國震中心多軸向試驗系統進行反覆載重試驗。藉由四組試驗結果提出圍束單元彈性挫屈強度與整體TC-BRB 壓力強度計算方法，並建議工程實務應用時可採用的設計參數。此外，本研究提出一套有限元素模型分析方法，能有效模擬弦桿殘餘應力效應及BRB 壓拉強度差異現象，驗證圍束單元彈性挫屈強度理論分析的可靠度，並可有效模擬TC-BRB 實際受力變形反應。 |
| Title | A Study of BRBs using Varying Section Steel Truss Restrainers |
|---|---|
| Author | Lu-An Chen, An-Chien Wu, Chun Chen, Keh-Chyuan Tsai |
| Keywords | buckling-restrained brace, truss-confined restrainer, flexural rigidity, shear rigidity, buckling load, finite element analysis |
| Abstract | Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) can effectively improve the stiffness, strength, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of building structures. Recently, a novel type of BRB called truss-confined BRB (TC-BRB) has been investigated. The feature of the TC-BRB is attaching an additional truss system outside the central steel casing. The truss system is composed of several steel open-web truss frames thereby providing the overall restraining rigidity, reducing the steel casing section size and infilled mortar. The overall self-weight is reduced as compared to the conventional BRB, especially in the cases of longspan and large load-carrying BRB applications. This study extends and improves the stability assessment methods of the TC-BRB investigated previously. The equivalent flexural rigidity and shear rigidity of varying-section truss confining system are re-examined first. The method of computing the effective shear area of central casing is developed. The results are integrated into the calculations of elastic buckling strength of the restraining system. A simplified computing method is also proposed. Two additional 1/3-scaled specimens each of about 6.3m long and 90tf (853kN) yield strength were designed and tested in the MATS facility in NCREE. Considering tests results of four specimens of similar size and capacity in the previous and this studies, the relationship between the elastic buckling strength of restrainer and the ultimate compressive strength of entire TC-BRB is constructed. The required design parameters are provided for practical applications. In addition, a numerical modeling procedure which can effectively simulate the effects of the BRB compressive over-strength and the residual stresses in the chord members is introduced. Analytical results indicated that the proposed calculations in the restrainer’s elastic buckling strength are reliable and the specimens’ hysteresis behavior can be captured satisfactorily. |
| 標題 | 震損RC剪力牆之殘餘耐震能力與塑鉸設定探討 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 廖文義、鄭育銘、陳宣伶 |
| 關鍵字 | 鋼筋混凝土、剪力牆、殘餘耐震能力、塑鉸 |
| 摘要 | 鋼筋混凝土(RC)剪力牆之高強度及高勁度雖可有效改善結構系統來提昇建築物之耐震能力，但其高勁度也易於地震中較梁柱構材先產生裂損，專業技師在評估受震損含RC 剪力牆建物的殘餘耐震能力與安全性時，常面臨損壞判斷及震損構材模擬等技術上之問題，尤其對於那些僅為輕度到中度損壞之牆體，其可能不需補強但仍需評估其殘餘耐震能力的牆體。因為對受震損RC 牆的殘餘耐震性能於國內外之研究相當稀少，常使得要使用國內側推分析之詳細評估法來評估震損建物殘餘性能時，於震損RC 牆塑鉸設定上之強度、勁度與變形容量的折減方式無量化選擇依據。故本研究主要目的是通過文獻收集與回顧，彙整RC 剪力牆之震損後力學行為，並與美國及日本現有之震後評估指針的參數與方式進行比較探討其合適性，並依營建署之損傷等級，對輕度至中重度震損RC 牆於塑鉸設定上之強度、勁度與變形容量的折減方式提出建議，期能填補部分國內於震損RC 牆殘餘耐震能力評估上所缺之資訊。 |
| Title | Discussion on the Residual Capacity and Plastic Hinge Properties of Earthquake Damaged RC Shear Walls |
|---|---|
| Author | Wen-I Liao, Yu-Ming Zheng, Xuan Ling Chen |
| Keywords | Reinforced concrete, shear wall, residual seismic capacity, plastic hinge |
| Abstract | Due to the high lateral strength and stiffness of the RC shear wall, it can effectively improve the structural system and increase the seismic capacity of the building structure. However, the high stiffness property of RC walls will also easily induce cracking or damage as compared to the beam-column members in the earthquake. The technical problems for judgment of damage status and simulation of damaged components are often difficult to be determined, especially for those RC walls that are only at slightly or moderately damaged status, they may not need retrofitting but their residual seismic capacity should be evaluated. When using the nonlinear pushover analysis procedure to evaluate the residual seismic performance of damaged RC walls. Because researches on the residual seismic performance of damaged RC walls earthquakes are very limited. There is still no quantitative method for the selection of reduction factors on strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity of RC walls with various damaged statuses. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to collect and analyze the relative research works of literature on the post-earthquake behavior of RC shear walls. The suggested criteria, parameters, and procedures of the existing post-earthquake assessment guidelines in the U.S. and Japan are compared with those latest publications in the area of the residual capacity of RC walls for discussing their suitability. Finally, a reduction method based on Taiwan seismic evaluation procedure was proposed for modifying the nonlinear hinge properties of damaged RC walls with different damaged states. |
| 標題 | 地震超材料的隔減震技術 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 蘇于琪、汪向榮、張文忠、林子剛、林正洪、吳東諭、張國鎮、陳東陽 |
| 關鍵字 | 地震超材料、地震波、局部共振、週期性結構、波動力學 |
| 摘要 | 地震工程發展日新月異，然而目前許多有效的隔減震技術，如加強結構本身的強度與韌性、於結構底部安裝隔震系統、利用消能元件吸收地震能量等，皆僅針對單一結構進行嵌入式安裝，這對於老舊且急需耐震補強建築繁多的臺灣，可能無法兼顧合理成本與時間效益的考量。近五年全球開始發展以波傳與複合材料角度切入的地震超材料研究，其不直接接觸結構物本體，轉而思考於保護區域外圍建立屏障，使特定頻段的地震波產生衰減或轉向，進而有效保護既有且大範圍的社區。考慮臺灣地震頻繁、老舊大樓及基礎設施眾多，以及缺乏地震超材料的本土性相關研究，本文通訊作者組成跨領域研究團隊，並於2021 年起在科技部補助下開始執行三年期整合型計畫「地震超材料結構的隔減振屏蔽:理論架構、數值模擬及實驗」。本文除回顧國外地震超材料之研究發展外，亦簡介整合型計畫的前期研究與整合現況，並提出未來可能的發展方向與策略，以期提供工程與研究人員關於隔減震的另一思維。 |
| Title | A Review of Seismic Metamaterials for Seismic Protection |
|---|---|
| Author | Hsu-Ci Su, Hsiang-Jung Wang, Wen-Chung Chang, Tzu-Kang Lin, Cheng-Hung Lin, Tung-Yu Wu, Kuo-Chen Chang, Tung-Yang Chen |
| Keywords | seismic metamaterial, seismic waves, local resonance, periodic structure, wave propagation |
| Abstract | Current seismic-resistant technologies include enhancement of structural strength and ductility, application of isolation systems, and adoption of energy dissipation devises. These approaches target a single building and integrate isolation and damping devices. In the area with significant numbers of aging buildings like Taiwan, retrofitting existing infrastructure with traditional methods may not be a pragmatic solution. Seismic metamaterials have emerged as a state-of-the-art research topic in the last decade. They block or deflect waves by forming a seismic shield outside the area around existing structures without direct contact with the actual buildings. The seismic metamaterials are able to complement the techniques used in current earthquake engineering; however, domestic study on this subject is limited. Therefore, Professor Tungyang Chen assembled an interdisciplinary team to conduct the 3-year integrated project titled “Seismic Metamaterials towards Cloaking Earthquakes: Theoretical Framework, Numerical Modelling and Experimental Verifications”, under the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan since 2021. This review article includes literature review on seismic metamaterials, current progress in Taiwan, and future work. The study introduces the insights of seismic metamaterials for engineers and researchers, and aims to provide alternatives from seismic isolation and energy dissipation. |
| 標題 | 運用致動器量測之振動台運動分析與關鍵參數識別方法–以MAST 為例 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 賴晉達、葉士瑋、翁樸文、蕭輔沛、黃百誼 |
| 關鍵字 | 振動台、史都華平台、致動器位移轉換、力量座標轉換、參數識別 |
| 摘要 | 為了解或驗證結構物之耐震性能，將待測物安裝於振動台檯面進行動態測試，為最直接且廣為採納之研究方法。配置於國震中心臺南實驗室之關鍵零組件測試系統(Multi-Axial Seismic Test System，簡稱MAST)係以油壓驅動之六軸向振動台。該系統配置為史都華平台(Stewart platform)式，僅採用6 支致動器即可實現六自由度運動，可降低建置成本以及系統冗餘度。本文將簡介MAST 系統，而後推導MAST 系統致動器伸長量與檯面位移之轉換關係，以及致動器出力與等值檯面作用力之轉換關係。為能有效模擬MAST 系統之動態行為，以便進行實驗規劃，本文亦將提出MAST 系統等效質量及等效摩擦力與阻尼力之識別方法。由實驗數據識別之等效質量顯示，其與MAST 原始設計之理論質量結果相當接近，表示本文提出之等效質量識別方法之可靠性。此外，相關研究通常以庫倫摩擦模型或Bouc-Wen模型描述摩擦力，本文採用Bouc-Wen 模型描述元件相互位移產生之摩擦力，因該模型於速度轉折處為連續且可微分，更易於應用於數值分析與模擬；後經迴歸分析獲取關鍵參數，發現數值模擬結果與MAST 系統量測之實驗數據相近，顯示利用Bouc-Wen 模型模擬MAST 系統內摩擦力之可行性。綜上所述，此研究將有助於了解振動台系統動態特性及探討相關識別技術，並能提供關鍵參數於後續進行數值分析以及後續與結構試體互制之動態模擬之研究。 |
| Title | Kinematics and Identification Study Applied to the Shaking Table by Using the Actuator Measurement: Take MAST for example |
|---|---|
| Author | Chin-Ta Lai, Shih-Wei Yeh, Pu-Wen Weng, Fu-Pei Hsiao, Bai-Yi Huang |
| Keywords | shaking table, Stewart platform, actuator kinematics, force transformation, parametric identification |
| Abstract | “A shaking table test is one of the experimental methods widely adopted to inspect the seismic performance of structures. A multi-axial seismic test system (MAST) equipped in Tainan Laboratory, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) is a hydraulic powered six-degree-of-freedom shaking table, which consists of a rigid mass and six actuators. The placement of the actuators follows the design of the Stewart platform. Hence the MAST system can achieve 6-DOF dynamic motion with the least amount of actuators; in other words, reducing the cost and the redundancy of the system. This article introduces the MAST system in the very first paragraph. Then the kinematics study based on the geometric relation between the actuators and the rigid platen will apply to the forward and inverse conversion of the actuator displacement/force and the platen 6-DOF displacement/force. In addition, this study proposed system identification methods to evaluate the equivalent mass and the equivalent damping and friction force of the MAST system, which are critical characteristic parameters for simulating the system’s dynamic responses. As a result, the identified equivalent mass approximates the design value, which shows the high fidelity of the proposed system identification method. Moreover, a Bouc-Wen model, which is wildly adopted on describing the friction force and numerical-friendly, is validated in this study. The parameters for Bouc-Wen model are obtained through the regression analysis by utilizing the experimental data. While the simulated results based on the Bouc-Wen model are consistent with the experimental data, it can be concluded that the equivalent mass and damping force of the MAST system or similar systems can be quickly evaluated through the proposed identification methods in this study. With the help of the proposed method, it’s possible to simulate the table motion of the MAST system or similar shaking table system, and then conduct further study, such as dynamic interaction between the system and the specimens.” |
| 標題 | 論「預鑄工法大小梁部分剛性接合之設計」一文中 小梁負彎矩鋼筋錨定細節之結構安全疑義 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 陳正平 |
| 關鍵字 | 錨定、傳力路徑、摩擦剪力 |
| 摘要 | 討論本刊「預鑄工法大小梁部分剛性接合之設計」一文中，對預鑄小梁負彎矩鋼筋進入邊梁之錨定細節不僅須符合伸展長度之規定，尚須考慮傳力路徑的完整性。 |
| Title | Discussion on“Design of partial rigid joint of precast girder and Beam” by Tzu-Liang Wu and Shyh-Jiann Hwang |
|---|---|
| Author | Cheng-Ping Chen |
| Keywords | anchorage, load transfer path, shear friction |
| Abstract | This article discusses some concerns about the design of partial rigid connection presented in the manuscript entitled “Design of partial rigid joint of precast girder and beam”. In the case where precast beam anchored at the spandrel beam, the negative flexure reinforcement of the precast beam should satisfy not only the development length requirements but also the integrity of load transfer path. |
| Title | Design Revision of Column and Beam-to-Column Moment Connection in Taiwanese Specification of Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures |
|---|---|
| Author | Yu-Fang Liu, Te-Kuang Chow, Chung-Che Chou, Szu-Jui Huang, Lien-An Chen |
| Keywords | Steel-Reinforced-Concrete (SRC) Structure, Column, Width-to-Thickness Ratio, Beam-to-Column Moment Connection, Shear Strength of Connection, |
| Abstract | The design specifications and literatures related to SRC columns and beamcolumn connections in the United States, Japan, and Taiwan were collected for the revision of Taiwan Design Specifications and Commentary of Steel- Reinforced-Concrete Structures. The revision recommendation will be expected to be an essential reference for design and construction of SRC structures in Taiwan. Design of Reinforced-Concrete-Column and steel beam connection (called RCS connection) has been included in the design specifications of United States and Japan. However, this connection type has not been included in Taiwan specifications. This work was focused on revision of SRC code in Taiwan. In terms of SRC column design, concrete strength, steel strength, column reinforcement spacing, and column width-to-thickness ratio are revised based on AISC 341 (2016). Integrating the design theories of U.S. and Japan, as well as the research results in Taiwan, a new section of RCS design was recommended to the updated SRC code. |
| Title | A Study of BRBs using Varying Section Steel Truss Restrainers |
|---|---|
| Author | Lu-An Chen, An-Chien Wu, Chun Chen, Keh-Chyuan Tsai |
| Keywords | buckling-restrained brace, truss-confined restrainer, flexural rigidity, shear rigidity, buckling load, finite element analysis |
| Abstract | Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) can effectively improve the stiffness, strength, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of building structures. Recently, a novel type of BRB called truss-confined BRB (TC-BRB) has been investigated. The feature of the TC-BRB is attaching an additional truss system outside the central steel casing. The truss system is composed of several steel open-web truss frames thereby providing the overall restraining rigidity, reducing the steel casing section size and infilled mortar. The overall self-weight is reduced as compared to the conventional BRB, especially in the cases of longspan and large load-carrying BRB applications. This study extends and improves the stability assessment methods of the TC-BRB investigated previously. The equivalent flexural rigidity and shear rigidity of varying-section truss confining system are re-examined first. The method of computing the effective shear area of central casing is developed. The results are integrated into the calculations of elastic buckling strength of the restraining system. A simplified computing method is also proposed. Two additional 1/3-scaled specimens each of about 6.3m long and 90tf (853kN) yield strength were designed and tested in the MATS facility in NCREE. Considering tests results of four specimens of similar size and capacity in the previous and this studies, the relationship between the elastic buckling strength of restrainer and the ultimate compressive strength of entire TC-BRB is constructed. The required design parameters are provided for practical applications. In addition, a numerical modeling procedure which can effectively simulate the effects of the BRB compressive over-strength and the residual stresses in the chord members is introduced. Analytical results indicated that the proposed calculations in the restrainer’s elastic buckling strength are reliable and the specimens’ hysteresis behavior can be captured satisfactorily. |
| Title | Discussion on the Residual Capacity and Plastic Hinge Properties of Earthquake Damaged RC Shear Walls |
|---|---|
| Author | Wen-I Liao, Yu-Ming Zheng, Xuan Ling Chen |
| Keywords | Reinforced concrete, shear wall, residual seismic capacity, plastic hinge |
| Abstract | Due to the high lateral strength and stiffness of the RC shear wall, it can effectively improve the structural system and increase the seismic capacity of the building structure. However, the high stiffness property of RC walls will also easily induce cracking or damage as compared to the beam-column members in the earthquake. The technical problems for judgment of damage status and simulation of damaged components are often difficult to be determined, especially for those RC walls that are only at slightly or moderately damaged status, they may not need retrofitting but their residual seismic capacity should be evaluated. When using the nonlinear pushover analysis procedure to evaluate the residual seismic performance of damaged RC walls. Because researches on the residual seismic performance of damaged RC walls earthquakes are very limited. There is still no quantitative method for the selection of reduction factors on strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity of RC walls with various damaged statuses. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to collect and analyze the relative research works of literature on the post-earthquake behavior of RC shear walls. The suggested criteria, parameters, and procedures of the existing post-earthquake assessment guidelines in the U.S. and Japan are compared with those latest publications in the area of the residual capacity of RC walls for discussing their suitability. Finally, a reduction method based on Taiwan seismic evaluation procedure was proposed for modifying the nonlinear hinge properties of damaged RC walls with different damaged states. |
| Title | A Review of Seismic Metamaterials for Seismic Protection |
|---|---|
| Author | Hsu-Ci Su, Hsiang-Jung Wang, Wen-Chung Chang, Tzu-Kang Lin, Cheng-Hung Lin, Tung-Yu Wu, Kuo-Chen Chang, Tung-Yang Chen |
| Keywords | seismic metamaterial, seismic waves, local resonance, periodic structure, wave propagation |
| Abstract | Current seismic-resistant technologies include enhancement of structural strength and ductility, application of isolation systems, and adoption of energy dissipation devises. These approaches target a single building and integrate isolation and damping devices. In the area with significant numbers of aging buildings like Taiwan, retrofitting existing infrastructure with traditional methods may not be a pragmatic solution. Seismic metamaterials have emerged as a state-of-the-art research topic in the last decade. They block or deflect waves by forming a seismic shield outside the area around existing structures without direct contact with the actual buildings. The seismic metamaterials are able to complement the techniques used in current earthquake engineering; however, domestic study on this subject is limited. Therefore, Professor Tungyang Chen assembled an interdisciplinary team to conduct the 3-year integrated project titled “Seismic Metamaterials towards Cloaking Earthquakes: Theoretical Framework, Numerical Modelling and Experimental Verifications”, under the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan since 2021. This review article includes literature review on seismic metamaterials, current progress in Taiwan, and future work. The study introduces the insights of seismic metamaterials for engineers and researchers, and aims to provide alternatives from seismic isolation and energy dissipation. |
| Title | Kinematics and Identification Study Applied to the Shaking Table by Using the Actuator Measurement: Take MAST for example |
|---|---|
| Author | Chin-Ta Lai, Shih-Wei Yeh, Pu-Wen Weng, Fu-Pei Hsiao, Bai-Yi Huang |
| Keywords | shaking table, Stewart platform, actuator kinematics, force transformation, parametric identification |
| Abstract | “A shaking table test is one of the experimental methods widely adopted to inspect the seismic performance of structures. A multi-axial seismic test system (MAST) equipped in Tainan Laboratory, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) is a hydraulic powered six-degree-of-freedom shaking table, which consists of a rigid mass and six actuators. The placement of the actuators follows the design of the Stewart platform. Hence the MAST system can achieve 6-DOF dynamic motion with the least amount of actuators; in other words, reducing the cost and the redundancy of the system. This article introduces the MAST system in the very first paragraph. Then the kinematics study based on the geometric relation between the actuators and the rigid platen will apply to the forward and inverse conversion of the actuator displacement/force and the platen 6-DOF displacement/force. In addition, this study proposed system identification methods to evaluate the equivalent mass and the equivalent damping and friction force of the MAST system, which are critical characteristic parameters for simulating the system’s dynamic responses. As a result, the identified equivalent mass approximates the design value, which shows the high fidelity of the proposed system identification method. Moreover, a Bouc-Wen model, which is wildly adopted on describing the friction force and numerical-friendly, is validated in this study. The parameters for Bouc-Wen model are obtained through the regression analysis by utilizing the experimental data. While the simulated results based on the Bouc-Wen model are consistent with the experimental data, it can be concluded that the equivalent mass and damping force of the MAST system or similar systems can be quickly evaluated through the proposed identification methods in this study. With the help of the proposed method, it’s possible to simulate the table motion of the MAST system or similar shaking table system, and then conduct further study, such as dynamic interaction between the system and the specimens.” |
| Title | Discussion on“Design of partial rigid joint of precast girder and Beam” by Tzu-Liang Wu and Shyh-Jiann Hwang |
|---|---|
| Author | Cheng-Ping Chen |
| Keywords | anchorage, load transfer path, shear friction |
| Abstract | This article discusses some concerns about the design of partial rigid connection presented in the manuscript entitled “Design of partial rigid joint of precast girder and beam”. In the case where precast beam anchored at the spandrel beam, the negative flexure reinforcement of the precast beam should satisfy not only the development length requirements but also the integrity of load transfer path. |
本期期刊為特刊
先進混凝土特刊
客座主編：洪崇展
「結構工程」季刊第144期(第37卷第2期)
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中文網址: 第37卷第2期 (2022)
英文網址: Vol.37 / No.2 (2022)
若有任何意見歡迎 email 至 csse@csse.org.tw。
先進混凝土特刊
客座主編：洪崇展
| 標題 | 「先進混凝土特刊」引言 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 洪崇展 |
優良混凝土工程為台灣基礎建設成功發展的重要角色，近年混凝土科學與研究的蓬勃發展，掀起了混凝土性能與永續發展之革新，因而如今可見超過20,000 psi 抗壓強度、又具有高抗裂與防水能力的「類鋼鐵」超高性能混凝土應用於大小實務工程中，亦有不須添加任何卜特蘭水泥而製成的綠色混凝土，以及混凝土添加回收處理之廢棄漁網或橡塑膠材料，而同時提升性能與循環經濟的永續混凝土材料，除了組成材料與性能之革新，混凝土的積層列印技術也開始應用於實務製程。 結構工程期刊企盼藉由此次特刊的機會，向各界介紹國內先進混凝土於近期結構工程之研發成果。本特刊收錄了先進混凝土材料之研發與應用，包含高性能早強無機聚合物混凝土與高強度纖維樹脂砂漿之介紹，以及其於結構工程之應用；呼應循環經濟發展之議題，探討再生廢棄材料所製成之短纖維於混凝土性能強化之可能性；混凝土構件的自動化製作技術，研究3D 列印混凝土的製備技術；借鏡澳洲與美國混凝土結構工程規範，探討其與國內規範之異同。期盼透過這些文章之介紹，進一步鼓勵國內各界持續推動混凝土技術的革新與落實，共同為台灣提升下一世代混凝土工程之品質與永續性。 國立成功大學土木工程系 洪崇展 特聘教授 謹誌 |
| 標題 | 應用高強度纖維樹脂砂漿發展新式耐震補強工法之研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 蕭輔沛、翁樸文、林佳蓁、河本孝紀、林宜靜、大上旭、何家儀 |
| 關鍵字 | 高強度纖維樹脂砂漿、框架斜撐、耐震間柱、剪力牆、耐震評估與補強 |
| 摘要 | 傳統耐震補強工法因施工期長，常會嚴重影響原建築物正常運作，對於私有建物較難推行耐震補強工作。本研究應用高強度纖維樹脂砂漿材料開發既有鋼筋混凝土結構之新式補強工法，能有效改善傳統補強工法於新舊界面接合處及補強構件剪力區易生破壞之問題。採用高強度纖維樹脂砂漿相較於傳統混凝土材料，於短期內即可達設計強度，施工影響範圍小，可不影響建築物既有功能，對於醫院、辦公廳舍以及私有建築均有高度運用價值。本研究於國家地震工程研究中心臺南實驗室進行五種不同補強工法耐震試驗，包含鋼框架斜撐、剪力牆及耐震間柱等補強工法，進行水平向反覆加載試驗，比較各式補強工法的強度提升效果與受力變形行為。 |
| Title | Study on Seismic Retrofit of Concrete Frames using High-strength Fiber Resin Mortar |
|---|---|
| Author | Fu-Pei Hsiao, Pu-Wen Weng, Chia-Chen Lin, Takanori Kawamoto, Yi-Ching Lin, Asahi Oogami, Chia-Yi Ho |
| Keywords | High-strength Fiber Resin Mortar, Earthquake-proof Furniture, Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting |
| Abstract | The traditional seismic retrofitting methods often affect the regular operation of the building, and it takes a lot of time during the construction period. So it isn’t easy to carry out reinforcement work in private houses. This research aims to develop seismic retrofitting methods, so we use high-strength fiber resin mortar for existing reinforced concrete structures. It can effectively improve the performance of seismic retrofitting methods. By using the high-strength fiber resin mortar, its expected strength can be achieved within two weeks. Therefore, it takes just a small impact during construction, which does not affect the existing functions of the building. It has high application value for hospitals, commercial buildings, and private residences. In this research, the different kinds of seismic retrofitting methods will be tested at the NCREE Laboratory. There are three kinds of seismic retrofitting methods, such as steel frame bracing, shear wall, stub column. The experimental specimens were tested in horizontally cyclic loading to compare the seismic behavior and the difference of seismic retrofitting methods. It uses popular seismic assessment methods for each test and compares them with the experimental results in this research. |
| 標題 | 高早強無機聚合修復材料於橋梁伸縮縫之可行性研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 瑞子灣、劉光晏、蔡志達 |
| 關鍵字 | 無機聚合材料、高早強、快速修復、伸縮縫 |
| 摘要 | 全球暖化是現今世界的關鍵議題，溫室氣體是造成全球變暖的原因。CO2 被認為是一種溫室氣體，水泥行業在環境中的總排放量貢獻5-7% CO2 排放量。此外，水泥量以每年3%之需求增加被視為僅次於水之外最被廣泛使用的材料。如果工程材料可免除水泥使用量將可達到減碳目的。另一方面，橋梁中的伸縮縫因可吸收因溫度、側向移動與轉動的功能，在橋面的穩定性中具有重要的角色。因此，橋梁從業人員需要一種高強度、快速凝固的材料來更換伸縮縫並迅速重新開放交通。基於前述討論，本研究使用飛灰、爐石粉來開發高早強無機聚合修復材料。高鈣的無機聚合材料係以F 級飛灰和爐石粉（S4000）以不同比例混合作為黏結劑，鹼液NaOH 濃度為10M；SiO2/Na2O 為1.28，和預熱的河砂作為細粒料以增強聚合反應。本研究的主要目的是開發高強度無機聚合物材料（35MPa/5 小時），並考慮預熱細粒料的影響、抗壓強度（加熱1、3、5 小時），以及其與超高性能砂漿、無收縮高強度砂漿的黏結強度及剪切強度。實驗針對不同的飛灰-爐石粉比例、水-NaOH 比例而設計。實驗結果顯示，根據36 個高寬比為1 的試體，當飛灰-爐石粉比例為1:3、水-NaOH 比為10%，抗壓強度在 5 小時內可達52.67 MPa。當飛灰-爐石粉比例為1:2、水-NaOH 比為10%，黏結強度為34.93 MPa。增加爐石粉用量將減少無機聚合材料的初凝、終凝時間，以及的流速。因此，工程實務使用時，仍應同時滿足強度與工作性的需求。 |
| Title | Feasibility study on the Early-High-Strength Repairing Geopolymer Materials at Bridge Expansion Joints |
|---|---|
| Author | Mohammad Rizwan Bhina, Kuang-Yen Liu, Chih-Ta Tsai |
| Keywords | Geopolymer material, early-high-strength, rapid repairing, expansion joint. |
| Abstract | Global warming has become a serious issue worldwide and it was evident that the greenhouse gases are mainly responsible for global warming. CO2 is considered as the major greenhouse gas. Among all the industries, cement industries contributed 5-7 ℅ CO2 emissions to the environment. Demand for concrete is increasing by 3% per year as concrete is the material used worldwide next to the water. If the engineering materials can be exempted from the use of cement, the purpose of carbon reduction can be achieved. Additionally, expansion joints play an important role in the stability of the bridge deck and also in accommodating thermal, lateral, and rotational moments. Hence, bridge industries demanded a high-strength, rapid setting material to replace the joints quickly and reopen the traffic. Considering all these issues, the early-high-strength repairing geopolymer material by using fly-ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) are developed in this study. The high calcium inorganic polymer material was prepared by mixing fly-ash (Class-F) and GGBS (S4000) as a bonding agent with a varied ratio, NaOH alkali solution with 10 molarity (SiO2/Na2O=1.28) as an activator and pre-heated river sand as a fine aggregate to enhance the polymerization reaction. The main objectives of the present investigation were to develop a high strength geopolymer material (GPM) to provide 35MPa in 5 hours and examined the properties with regard to the effect of pre-heated fine aggregate, compressive strength (hot air-cured for 1,3 and 5 hours) and bond strength of GPM with ultra-high-performance material (UHPM) as well as high-strength non-shrinkage material (HS-NSM) from the slant shear test. The experiment was also carried out by varying the fly-ash to GGBS ratio and water to NaOH ratio. A total of 36 GPM specimens with an aspect ratio of 1 were tested. Results revealed that the hot mix procedure of GPM with the fly-ash to GGBS and water to NaOH ratio 1:3 and 10%, respectively produced greater compressive strength (52.67 MPa/5 hours) and fly-ash to GGBS and water to NaOH ratio 1:2 and 10%, respectively indicated excellent bond strength of 34.93 MPa. Results of the present investigation revealed that by increasing the amount of GGBS, the initial and final setting time and the flow rate of GPM have decreased. It was suggested that by applying GPM on the actual construction site, strength and workability should be considered simultaneously. |
| 標題 | 利用回收碳纖維製備之纖維混凝土靜態與動態力學性能研究 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 李有豐、許晉源、張淑美、沈銘原、黃發俊、林李宸、黃培鈞、余家祿 |
| 關鍵字 | 回收碳纖維、微波熱裂解、碳纖維混凝土 |
| 摘要 | 纖維混凝土係於混凝土中添加纖維，以提升其抗彎強度及韌性，減少混凝土收縮與開裂。本研究採用微波熱裂解法處理廢熱固碳纖維高分子複合材料之回收碳纖維，並將其加入混凝土中製成纖維混凝土。回收碳纖維長度分別為5 ~ 10 mm、15 ~ 20 mm、與30 ~ 50 mm，纖維添加量分別為水泥重量之0.5%、1.0%、1.5%。試驗之混凝土水灰比為0.6，粒料細度模數為6.78。再透過抗壓、抗彎、劈裂和撞擊等試驗探討回收碳纖維混凝土之力學行為。試驗結果顯示，纖維添加量為1.5%時，較其他添加量之回收碳纖維混凝土力學行為表現維最佳。與標準試體比較，纖維添加量為1.5%時且依照纖維長度從短到長，碳纖維混凝土抗壓強度分別能夠提升48.71%、56.15%與48.88%；抗彎強度分別能夠提升55.76%、43.63%與27.31%；劈裂強度分別能夠提升28.96%、45.70%與47.58%。而撞擊試驗結果顯示，回收碳纖維添加量為1.0%，撞擊能量為50 焦耳下，纖維長度30 ~ 50 mm 之回收碳纖維混凝土之撞擊次數比未添加纖維之混凝土提升達3,615%。上述試驗結果顯示，添加回收碳纖維可以有效提升回收碳纖維混凝土之力學特性。 |
| Title | A Study on the Static and Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors of Recycled Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete |
|---|---|
| Author | Yeou-Fong Li, Jin-Yuan Syu, Shu-Mei Chang, Ming-Yuan Shen, Fa-Jun Huang, Li-Chen Lin, Pei-Jun Huang, Jia-Lu Yu |
| Keywords | Recycled carbon fiber, microwave-assisted pyrolysis, carbon fiber concrete |
| Abstract | Fiber reinforced concrete can improve the flexural strength and toughness of concrete, and also can reduce the shrinkage and cracking of concrete. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis was used to recycle carbon fibers from the waste carbon fiber polymer composites to make recycled carbon fiber- reinforced concrete. The lengths of the recycled carbon fibers were 5-10 mm, 15-20 mm, and 30-50 mm, respectively, and the fiber to cement weight rations were 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, respectively. The water-cement ratio was 0.6, and the aggregate fineness modulus (F.M.) was 6.78. The mechanical performances of recycled carbon fiber-reinforced concrete (RCFRC) were investigated by using compression, bending, splitting and impact tests. The test results show that when the fiber to cement weight ratio is 1.5%, the mechanical performance of the recycled carbon fiber- reinforced concrete is the best compared to other fiber to cement weight ratios. Compare to the benchmark specimen, for 1.5% fiber to cement ratio and fiber length from short to long, the compressive strengths of the RCFRC increase 48.71%, 56.15% and 48.88% respectively; the flexural strengths of RCFRC increase 55.76%, 43.63% and 27.31%; the splitting strengths of RCFRC increase 28.96%, 45.70% and 47.58% respectively. The impact test results show that with 1.0% fiber to cement ratio and an impact energy of 50 joules, the impact times of RCFRC with a fiber length of 30-50 mm increased by 3,615% compared to benchmark specimen. The above results show RCFRC can effectively improve the mechanical properties of concrete. |
| 標題 | 積層製造技術用於結構組件之可行性：無水泥3D 列印技術為案例 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 黃家芸、林威廷、鄭安、LUKÁŠ FIALA |
| 關鍵字 | 無水泥型膠凝材料、3D 列印技術、噴凝流量、黏滯度 |
| 摘要 | 3D 列印營建用結構構件或元件，屬近年來炙手可熱的營建自動化技術發展，3D 列印技術不僅具備快速施工、節省建築材料、品質穩定等優勢，列印噴凝材料的多樣化亦是其發展重點。本研究選用三種工業副產品(燃煤飛灰、超微細飛灰與水淬高爐石粉)，在免添加鹼激發藥劑的前提下，混合製成三元型無水泥膠凝材料，利用三種膠結材料之性質與調整的水膠比，藉由黏滯度試驗、凝結時間試驗、針筒模擬噴凝試驗、流度試驗彙整之試驗結果，挑選出最佳的混合比例進行3D 列印機試體製作與抗壓強度驗證。試驗結果發現：選用黏滯度超過6000 cP 以上的膠結材料，混合出具備黏稠性的黏彈性固體漿體，將可用於液體沉積成型3D 列印機之噴凝材料。試驗結果驗證在水膠比0.25 的條件下，膠結材料使用10%爐石粉、40%超微細飛灰與50%飛灰製成之三元型無水泥膠凝材料，可作為3D 列印噴凝材料，列印機的噴凝流量應設定為40%，其噴凝出的試體有最佳的外觀完整性。利用抗壓強度試驗可以驗證3D 列印的試體較傳統灌模之試體，有較高的抗壓強度與灌製品質，結果驗證本研究開發之無水泥型膠凝材料適合做為3D 列印噴凝材料，並符合工業副產品高值化技術之推廣。 |
| Title | Feasibility of additive manufacturing technology for structural components: the case study of 3D printing using cementless binders |
|---|---|
| Author | Chia-Yun Huang, Wei-Ting Lin, An Cheng, LUKÁŠ FIALA |
| Keywords | cementless blended material; 3D printing technology; printing flow; viscosity |
| Abstract | In recent years, 3D printing of structural components or elements for construction has been a popular construction automation technology. 3D printing technology has the advantages of fast construction, saving construction materials and stable quality, and the diversity of printing spraying materials is the key to its development. In this study, three industrial by-products (fly ash, ultra-fine fly ash and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag) were mixed to form a ternary cementless blended material without the addition of alkaline activators. The test results were compiled through viscosity tests, setting time tests, syringe injection tests and flowability tests. The results revealed that a viscoelastic solid paste with a viscosity of over 6000 cP could be used as a spraying material for liquid deposition modeling 3D printers. The results confirmed that a ternary cementless blended material made from 10% slag, 40% ultra-fine fly ash and 50% fly ash, at a water to binder ratio of 0.25, could be used as a spraying material for 3D printing and that the spraying flow rate of the printer should be set at 40% to achieve the best aesthetic integrity of the sprayed specimens. The compressive strength tests were conducted to verify that the 3D printed specimens have higher compressive strength and casting quality than the conventional molded specimens. The cementless blended material developed in this study is suitable for use as a 3D printing spraying material and is in line with the promotion of high-value industrial by-product technology. |
| 標題 | 低矮型鋼筋混凝土剪力牆往復載重行為之高仿真非線性分析 |
|---|---|
| 作者 | 温子漢、洪崇展、Hexin Zhang 、Phu Anh Huy Pham 、袁宇秉 |
| 關鍵字 | 組成律模型、異向性、剪切與開裂行為、網格敏感性、非比例載荷、有限元素分析 |
| 摘要 | 國內外耐震設計規範對特殊鋼筋混凝土(RC)結構設計要求進行高仿真、非線性之地震歷時動力分析。非線性結構模擬的核心技術是材料的組成律模型，特別是混凝土材料。然而，許多現有的混凝土組成律模型無法解決一些關鍵問題，包括開裂引起的異向性、非比例載荷下應力傳遞機制的變化、剪切滑移和開裂後再接觸行為、網格尺寸敏感性以及計算效率和細部精準度兩者之間的平衡。為此，本文介紹一個穩定且經過實驗驗證的組成律模型 (Yuen 等人 2022)，用於混凝土結構的高仿真非線性反應分析。該組成律模型的主要特徵包括 (一) 基於總應變的數學模型，其中包含與加載歷史相關的內部參數，(二) 開裂面上的往復法向和切向應力-應變反應，(三) 利用新穎的開裂平面搜索算法求得符合唯一性之固定三維開裂平面坐標，（四）以等效單軸應變-變換方法模擬多軸應變的相互作用，（五）改進的剪切滑移和開裂重新接觸模擬，以及（六) 透過模型參數正規化減輕網格尺寸敏感性。該組成律模型透過使用者副程式在 ABAQUS 中建立，並已於前文(Yuen 等人 2022)證明能成功應用於模擬剪切板實驗(shear panel tests)與受剪切控制之實尺寸RC 柱的反覆載重行為。本文進一步展示該組成律模型應用於模擬小剪跨比且高強度 RC 牆的反覆載重實驗，模擬結果成功吻合RC牆的損傷演變和遲滯迴圈。因此，所提出的混凝土組成律模型具優異性能，可以用於特殊混凝土結構的高仿真非線性分析。 |
| Title | High-Fidelity Nonlinear Cyclic Response Simulations of Squat RC Shear Walls |
|---|---|
| Author | Tzu-Han Wen, Chung-Chan Hung, Hexin Zhang, Phu Anh Huy Pham, Terry Y.P. Yuen* |
| Keywords | Constitutive model, anisotropy, shear-slip and re-contact, mesh-sensitivity, non-proportional loading, concrete, finite element |
| Abstract | As stipulated by most of the prevailing structural design standards, nonlinear response analysis with high-fidelity numerical models would be inevitable for designing unconventional reinforced concrete structures under extreme seismic loading. The core of nonlinear numerical models is the constitutive modelling of materials, particularly for concrete materials. Nevertheless, many of the existing concrete constitutive models could not resolve some critical issues that involve crack-induced anisotropy, change of stress transfer mechanisms under non-proportional loading, shear-slip and re-contact behaviour, mesh-size sensitivity, and balance between computational efficiency and modelling the detailed responses. To this end, this paper presents a robust and experimentally validated constitutive model that was developed recently (Yuen et al., 2022) for high-fidelity nonlinear response analysis of reinforced concrete elements. The key features include (1) the total-strain based formulation with loading-history dependent internal variables, (2) cyclic normal and tangential stress-strain responses prescribed on crack planes, (3) fixed 3D crack plane coordinate that is uniquely determined by a novel crack plane searching algorithm, (4) multi-axial strain interaction modelled by the equivalent uniaxial-strains transformation method, (5) shear-slip and re-contact of the crack planes modelled by the modified shear retention model, and (6) mesh-size sensitivity mitigation through the model parameter regularisation. The proposed model was already implemented into ABAQUS through the user-subroutine and successfully applied to simulate reserved-cyclic loading tests on shear panels and a full-scale shear-controlled column (Yuen et al., 2022). This paper presents a further validation study of the proposed model on a high-strength squat RC wall. The high-fidelity model can again well capture the damage evolutions and complete load-deflection hysteresis response of the tested wall. Hence, with the demonstrated performances, the proposed model could be a competent candidate for the high-fidelity nonlinear analysis of next generations of concrete structures that feature unconventional design. |
| 標題 | AS3600:2018 THE AUSTRALIAN CONCRETE STANDARD AND IMPLICATIONS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN IN TAIWAN |
|---|---|
| 作者 | Sturm, A.B. |
| 關鍵字 | |
| 摘要 | Despite being a small country Australia has long maintained independent reinforced concrete design standards with significant differences to the US and European standards which most people outside of Australia would be familiar. This is in part due to the long history of high-level research into reinforced concrete within Australia. Therefore, in this paper I will review the latest edition of the Australian design standards and contrast this with ACI 318-19. From this I will draw implications for reinforced concrete design in Taiwan. Unique aspects of this standard include the approach to time effects, shear as well as fibre reinforced concrete. |
| Title | AS3600:2018 THE AUSTRALIAN CONCRETE STANDARD AND IMPLICATIONS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN IN TAIWAN |
|---|---|
| Author | Sturm, A.B. |
| Keywords | |
| Abstract | Despite being a small country Australia has long maintained independent reinforced concrete design standards with significant differences to the US and European standards which most people outside of Australia would be familiar. This is in part due to the long history of high-level research into reinforced concrete within Australia. Therefore, in this paper I will review the latest edition of the Australian design standards and contrast this with ACI 318-19. From this I will draw implications for reinforced concrete design in Taiwan. Unique aspects of this standard include the approach to time effects, shear as well as fibre reinforced concrete. |
Special Issue: Advanced Concrete
Guest Editor: Chung-Chan Hung
| Title | Study on Seismic Retrofit of Concrete Frames using High-strength Fiber Resin Mortar |
|---|---|
| Author | Fu-Pei Hsiao, Pu-Wen Weng, Chia-Chen Lin, Takanori Kawamoto, Yi-Ching Lin, Asahi Oogami, Chia-Yi Ho |
| Keywords | High-strength Fiber Resin Mortar, Earthquake-proof Furniture, Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting |
| Abstract | The traditional seismic retrofitting methods often affect the regular operation of the building, and it takes a lot of time during the construction period. So it isn’t easy to carry out reinforcement work in private houses. This research aims to develop seismic retrofitting methods, so we use high-strength fiber resin mortar for existing reinforced concrete structures. It can effectively improve the performance of seismic retrofitting methods. By using the high-strength fiber resin mortar, its expected strength can be achieved within two weeks. Therefore, it takes just a small impact during construction, which does not affect the existing functions of the building. It has high application value for hospitals, commercial buildings, and private residences. In this research, the different kinds of seismic retrofitting methods will be tested at the NCREE Laboratory. There are three kinds of seismic retrofitting methods, such as steel frame bracing, shear wall, stub column. The experimental specimens were tested in horizontally cyclic loading to compare the seismic behavior and the difference of seismic retrofitting methods. It uses popular seismic assessment methods for each test and compares them with the experimental results in this research. |
| Title | Feasibility study on the Early-High-Strength Repairing Geopolymer Materials at Bridge Expansion Joints |
|---|---|
| Author | Mohammad Rizwan Bhina, Kuang-Yen Liu, Chih-Ta Tsai |
| Keywords | Geopolymer material, early-high-strength, rapid repairing, expansion joint. |
| Abstract | Global warming has become a serious issue worldwide and it was evident that the greenhouse gases are mainly responsible for global warming. CO2 is considered as the major greenhouse gas. Among all the industries, cement industries contributed 5-7 ℅ CO2 emissions to the environment. Demand for concrete is increasing by 3% per year as concrete is the material used worldwide next to the water. If the engineering materials can be exempted from the use of cement, the purpose of carbon reduction can be achieved. Additionally, expansion joints play an important role in the stability of the bridge deck and also in accommodating thermal, lateral, and rotational moments. Hence, bridge industries demanded a high-strength, rapid setting material to replace the joints quickly and reopen the traffic. Considering all these issues, the early-high-strength repairing geopolymer material by using fly-ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) are developed in this study. The high calcium inorganic polymer material was prepared by mixing fly-ash (Class-F) and GGBS (S4000) as a bonding agent with a varied ratio, NaOH alkali solution with 10 molarity (SiO2/Na2O=1.28) as an activator and pre-heated river sand as a fine aggregate to enhance the polymerization reaction. The main objectives of the present investigation were to develop a high strength geopolymer material (GPM) to provide 35MPa in 5 hours and examined the properties with regard to the effect of pre-heated fine aggregate, compressive strength (hot air-cured for 1,3 and 5 hours) and bond strength of GPM with ultra-high-performance material (UHPM) as well as high-strength non-shrinkage material (HS-NSM) from the slant shear test. The experiment was also carried out by varying the fly-ash to GGBS ratio and water to NaOH ratio. A total of 36 GPM specimens with an aspect ratio of 1 were tested. Results revealed that the hot mix procedure of GPM with the fly-ash to GGBS and water to NaOH ratio 1:3 and 10%, respectively produced greater compressive strength (52.67 MPa/5 hours) and fly-ash to GGBS and water to NaOH ratio 1:2 and 10%, respectively indicated excellent bond strength of 34.93 MPa. Results of the present investigation revealed that by increasing the amount of GGBS, the initial and final setting time and the flow rate of GPM have decreased. It was suggested that by applying GPM on the actual construction site, strength and workability should be considered simultaneously. |
| Title | A Study on the Static and Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors of Recycled Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete |
|---|---|
| Author | Yeou-Fong Li, Jin-Yuan Syu, Shu-Mei Chang, Ming-Yuan Shen, Fa-Jun Huang, Li-Chen Lin, Pei-Jun Huang, Jia-Lu Yu |
| Keywords | Recycled carbon fiber, microwave-assisted pyrolysis, carbon fiber concrete |
| Abstract | Fiber reinforced concrete can improve the flexural strength and toughness of concrete, and also can reduce the shrinkage and cracking of concrete. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis was used to recycle carbon fibers from the waste carbon fiber polymer composites to make recycled carbon fiber- reinforced concrete. The lengths of the recycled carbon fibers were 5-10 mm, 15-20 mm, and 30-50 mm, respectively, and the fiber to cement weight rations were 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, respectively. The water-cement ratio was 0.6, and the aggregate fineness modulus (F.M.) was 6.78. The mechanical performances of recycled carbon fiber-reinforced concrete (RCFRC) were investigated by using compression, bending, splitting and impact tests. The test results show that when the fiber to cement weight ratio is 1.5%, the mechanical performance of the recycled carbon fiber- reinforced concrete is the best compared to other fiber to cement weight ratios. Compare to the benchmark specimen, for 1.5% fiber to cement ratio and fiber length from short to long, the compressive strengths of the RCFRC increase 48.71%, 56.15% and 48.88% respectively; the flexural strengths of RCFRC increase 55.76%, 43.63% and 27.31%; the splitting strengths of RCFRC increase 28.96%, 45.70% and 47.58% respectively. The impact test results show that with 1.0% fiber to cement ratio and an impact energy of 50 joules, the impact times of RCFRC with a fiber length of 30-50 mm increased by 3,615% compared to benchmark specimen. The above results show RCFRC can effectively improve the mechanical properties of concrete. |
| Title | Feasibility of additive manufacturing technology for structural components: the case study of 3D printing using cementless binders |
|---|---|
| Author | Chia-Yun Huang, Wei-Ting Lin, An Cheng, LUKÁŠ FIALA |
| Keywords | cementless blended material; 3D printing technology; printing flow; viscosity |
| Abstract | In recent years, 3D printing of structural components or elements for construction has been a popular construction automation technology. 3D printing technology has the advantages of fast construction, saving construction materials and stable quality, and the diversity of printing spraying materials is the key to its development. In this study, three industrial by-products (fly ash, ultra-fine fly ash and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag) were mixed to form a ternary cementless blended material without the addition of alkaline activators. The test results were compiled through viscosity tests, setting time tests, syringe injection tests and flowability tests. The results revealed that a viscoelastic solid paste with a viscosity of over 6000 cP could be used as a spraying material for liquid deposition modeling 3D printers. The results confirmed that a ternary cementless blended material made from 10% slag, 40% ultra-fine fly ash and 50% fly ash, at a water to binder ratio of 0.25, could be used as a spraying material for 3D printing and that the spraying flow rate of the printer should be set at 40% to achieve the best aesthetic integrity of the sprayed specimens. The compressive strength tests were conducted to verify that the 3D printed specimens have higher compressive strength and casting quality than the conventional molded specimens. The cementless blended material developed in this study is suitable for use as a 3D printing spraying material and is in line with the promotion of high-value industrial by-product technology. |
| Title | High-Fidelity Nonlinear Cyclic Response Simulations of Squat RC Shear Walls |
|---|---|
| Author | Tzu-Han Wen, Chung-Chan Hung, Hexin Zhang, Phu Anh Huy Pham, Terry Y.P. Yuen* |
| Keywords | Constitutive model, anisotropy, shear-slip and re-contact, mesh-sensitivity, non-proportional loading, concrete, finite element |
| Abstract | As stipulated by most of the prevailing structural design standards, nonlinear response analysis with high-fidelity numerical models would be inevitable for designing unconventional reinforced concrete structures under extreme seismic loading. The core of nonlinear numerical models is the constitutive modelling of materials, particularly for concrete materials. Nevertheless, many of the existing concrete constitutive models could not resolve some critical issues that involve crack-induced anisotropy, change of stress transfer mechanisms under non-proportional loading, shear-slip and re-contact behaviour, mesh-size sensitivity, and balance between computational efficiency and modelling the detailed responses. To this end, this paper presents a robust and experimentally validated constitutive model that was developed recently (Yuen et al., 2022) for high-fidelity nonlinear response analysis of reinforced concrete elements. The key features include (1) the total-strain based formulation with loading-history dependent internal variables, (2) cyclic normal and tangential stress-strain responses prescribed on crack planes, (3) fixed 3D crack plane coordinate that is uniquely determined by a novel crack plane searching algorithm, (4) multi-axial strain interaction modelled by the equivalent uniaxial-strains transformation method, (5) shear-slip and re-contact of the crack planes modelled by the modified shear retention model, and (6) mesh-size sensitivity mitigation through the model parameter regularisation. The proposed model was already implemented into ABAQUS through the user-subroutine and successfully applied to simulate reserved-cyclic loading tests on shear panels and a full-scale shear-controlled column (Yuen et al., 2022). This paper presents a further validation study of the proposed model on a high-strength squat RC wall. The high-fidelity model can again well capture the damage evolutions and complete load-deflection hysteresis response of the tested wall. Hence, with the demonstrated performances, the proposed model could be a competent candidate for the high-fidelity nonlinear analysis of next generations of concrete structures that feature unconventional design. |
| Title | AS3600:2018 THE AUSTRALIAN CONCRETE STANDARD AND IMPLICATIONS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN IN TAIWAN |
|---|---|
| Author | Sturm, A.B. |
| Keywords | |
| Abstract | Despite being a small country Australia has long maintained independent reinforced concrete design standards with significant differences to the US and European standards which most people outside of Australia would be familiar. This is in part due to the long history of high-level research into reinforced concrete within Australia. Therefore, in this paper I will review the latest edition of the Australian design standards and contrast this with ACI 318-19. From this I will draw implications for reinforced concrete design in Taiwan. Unique aspects of this standard include the approach to time effects, shear as well as fibre reinforced concrete. |