第三十七卷 第三期 (期別145) (111年)

作者:

第三十七卷第三期 (期別145) (111年)

標題臺灣鋼骨鋼筋混凝土構造規範之柱及梁柱接頭設計條文修訂發展
作者劉郁芳、周德光、周中哲、黃司睿、陳蓮安
關鍵字鋼骨鋼筋混凝土結構、柱設計、鋼柱寬厚比、梁柱接頭、接頭剪力強度
摘要本研究收集鋼骨鋼筋混凝土(Steel Reinforced Concrete, SRC)柱及梁柱抗彎接頭最新國外設計規範及研究成果，再與臺灣鋼骨鋼筋混凝土規範及近年之研究進行分析比較，其中在SRC 柱設計方面，對於混凝土強度、鋼骨強度、柱主筋間距、鋼柱寬厚比等在考慮研究及工程實務的可行性，提出設計條文建議修訂。另外鋼筋混凝土柱與鋼梁(Reinforced Concrete Steel，RCS)之接頭已被美國及日本規範列為一種抗彎接頭，臺灣規範目前尚未有此種接頭設計方法，但學術界及實務界已有一些相關研究供參考，本研究針對RCS 接頭整合美日規範的設計理論，再與國內外研究的成果彙整成RCS接頭剪力設計方法作為規範修訂參考。藉由此次國內外相關規範研究及實驗結果彙整工作，修訂2011 年版的鋼骨鋼筋混凝土構造設計規範與解說以期更符合現今國內實務應用及國際技術發展。
TitleDesign Revision of Column and Beam-to-Column Moment Connection in Taiwanese Specification of Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures
AuthorYu-Fang Liu, Te-Kuang Chow, Chung-Che Chou, Szu-Jui Huang, Lien-An Chen
KeywordsSteel-Reinforced-Concrete (SRC) Structure, Column, Width-to-Thickness Ratio, Beam-to-Column Moment Connection, Shear Strength of Connection,
AbstractThe design specifications and literatures related to SRC columns and beamcolumn connections in the United States, Japan, and Taiwan were collected for the revision of Taiwan Design Specifications and Commentary of Steel- Reinforced-Concrete Structures. The revision recommendation will be expected to be an essential reference for design and construction of SRC structures in Taiwan. Design of Reinforced-Concrete-Column and steel beam connection (called RCS connection) has been included in the design specifications of United States and Japan. However, this connection type has not been included in Taiwan specifications. This work was focused on revision of SRC code in Taiwan. In terms of SRC column design, concrete strength, steel strength, column reinforcement spacing, and column width-to-thickness ratio are revised based on AISC 341 (2016). Integrating the design theories of U.S. and Japan, as well as the research results in Taiwan, a new section of RCS design was recommended to the updated SRC code.
標題變斷面桁架圍束式挫屈束制支撐設計分析與試驗研究
作者陳律安、吳安傑、陳雋、蔡克銓
關鍵字挫屈束制支撐、桁架圍束單元、撓曲剛度、剪力剛度、挫屈強度、有限元素分析
摘要挫屈束制支撐（buckling-restrained brace, BRB）能經濟且有效地提升結構勁度、強度與韌性消能行為，已廣泛運用於建築結構系統。桁架圍束式挫屈束制支撐（truss-confined BRB, TC-BRB）為新型BRB，特點在中央圍束鋼管外再配置由特定數量、方向及尺寸之桁架系統，並與中央鋼管共同構成圍束單元，提供所需之撓曲剛度。此種桁架圍束系統可使中央鋼管與內灌砂漿之斷面大幅下降，能減少自重但仍維持設計強度；此優勢特別利於長跨與高軸力BRB 之應用。本研究擴充、改良與簡化過去研究的理論模型與設計方法，提出變斷面桁架圍束系統及中央鋼管等效剛度的精確計算方法，利用能量法評估圍束單元彈性挫屈強度，並提供簡化計算方式。為進一步驗證分析理論，本研究新增規劃兩組1/3 縮尺之變斷面TC-BRB 試體，設計長度與強度分別約為6.3 米與90 噸，採用國震中心多軸向試驗系統進行反覆載重試驗。藉由四組試驗結果提出圍束單元彈性挫屈強度與整體TC-BRB 壓力強度計算方法，並建議工程實務應用時可採用的設計參數。此外，本研究提出一套有限元素模型分析方法，能有效模擬弦桿殘餘應力效應及BRB 壓拉強度差異現象，驗證圍束單元彈性挫屈強度理論分析的可靠度，並可有效模擬TC-BRB 實際受力變形反應。
TitleA Study of BRBs using Varying Section Steel Truss Restrainers
AuthorLu-An Chen, An-Chien Wu, Chun Chen, Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsbuckling-restrained brace, truss-confined restrainer, flexural rigidity, shear rigidity, buckling load, finite element analysis
AbstractBuckling-restrained braces (BRBs) can effectively improve the stiffness, strength, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of building structures. Recently, a novel type of BRB called truss-confined BRB (TC-BRB) has been investigated. The feature of the TC-BRB is attaching an additional truss system outside the central steel casing. The truss system is composed of several steel open-web truss frames thereby providing the overall restraining rigidity, reducing the steel casing section size and infilled mortar. The overall self-weight is reduced as compared to the conventional BRB, especially in the cases of longspan and large load-carrying BRB applications. This study extends and improves the stability assessment methods of the TC-BRB investigated previously. The equivalent flexural rigidity and shear rigidity of varying-section truss confining system are re-examined first. The method of computing the effective shear area of central casing is developed. The results are integrated into the calculations of elastic buckling strength of the restraining system. A simplified computing method is also proposed. Two additional 1/3-scaled specimens each of about 6.3m long and 90tf (853kN) yield strength were designed and tested in the MATS facility in NCREE. Considering tests results of four specimens of similar size and capacity in the previous and this studies, the relationship between the elastic buckling strength of restrainer and the ultimate compressive strength of entire TC-BRB is constructed. The required design parameters are provided for practical applications. In addition, a numerical modeling procedure which can effectively simulate the effects of the BRB compressive over-strength and the residual stresses in the chord members is introduced. Analytical results indicated that the proposed calculations in the restrainer’s elastic buckling strength are reliable and the specimens’ hysteresis behavior can be captured satisfactorily.
標題震損RC剪力牆之殘餘耐震能力與塑鉸設定探討
作者廖文義、鄭育銘、陳宣伶
關鍵字鋼筋混凝土、剪力牆、殘餘耐震能力、塑鉸
摘要鋼筋混凝土(RC)剪力牆之高強度及高勁度雖可有效改善結構系統來提昇建築物之耐震能力，但其高勁度也易於地震中較梁柱構材先產生裂損，專業技師在評估受震損含RC 剪力牆建物的殘餘耐震能力與安全性時，常面臨損壞判斷及震損構材模擬等技術上之問題，尤其對於那些僅為輕度到中度損壞之牆體，其可能不需補強但仍需評估其殘餘耐震能力的牆體。因為對受震損RC 牆的殘餘耐震性能於國內外之研究相當稀少，常使得要使用國內側推分析之詳細評估法來評估震損建物殘餘性能時，於震損RC 牆塑鉸設定上之強度、勁度與變形容量的折減方式無量化選擇依據。故本研究主要目的是通過文獻收集與回顧，彙整RC 剪力牆之震損後力學行為，並與美國及日本現有之震後評估指針的參數與方式進行比較探討其合適性，並依營建署之損傷等級，對輕度至中重度震損RC 牆於塑鉸設定上之強度、勁度與變形容量的折減方式提出建議，期能填補部分國內於震損RC 牆殘餘耐震能力評估上所缺之資訊。
TitleDiscussion on the Residual Capacity and Plastic Hinge Properties of Earthquake Damaged RC Shear Walls
AuthorWen-I Liao, Yu-Ming Zheng, Xuan Ling Chen
KeywordsReinforced concrete, shear wall, residual seismic capacity, plastic hinge
AbstractDue to the high lateral strength and stiffness of the RC shear wall, it can effectively improve the structural system and increase the seismic capacity of the building structure. However, the high stiffness property of RC walls will also easily induce cracking or damage as compared to the beam-column members in the earthquake. The technical problems for judgment of damage status and simulation of damaged components are often difficult to be determined, especially for those RC walls that are only at slightly or moderately damaged status, they may not need retrofitting but their residual seismic capacity should be evaluated. When using the nonlinear pushover analysis procedure to evaluate the residual seismic performance of damaged RC walls. Because researches on the residual seismic performance of damaged RC walls earthquakes are very limited. There is still no quantitative method for the selection of reduction factors on strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity of RC walls with various damaged statuses. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to collect and analyze the relative research works of literature on the post-earthquake behavior of RC shear walls. The suggested criteria, parameters, and procedures of the existing post-earthquake assessment guidelines in the U.S. and Japan are compared with those latest publications in the area of the residual capacity of RC walls for discussing their suitability. Finally, a reduction method based on Taiwan seismic evaluation procedure was proposed for modifying the nonlinear hinge properties of damaged RC walls with different damaged states.
標題地震超材料的隔減震技術
作者蘇于琪、汪向榮、張文忠、林子剛、林正洪、吳東諭、張國鎮、陳東陽
關鍵字地震超材料、地震波、局部共振、週期性結構、波動力學
摘要地震工程發展日新月異，然而目前許多有效的隔減震技術，如加強結構本身的強度與韌性、於結構底部安裝隔震系統、利用消能元件吸收地震能量等，皆僅針對單一結構進行嵌入式安裝，這對於老舊且急需耐震補強建築繁多的臺灣，可能無法兼顧合理成本與時間效益的考量。近五年全球開始發展以波傳與複合材料角度切入的地震超材料研究，其不直接接觸結構物本體，轉而思考於保護區域外圍建立屏障，使特定頻段的地震波產生衰減或轉向，進而有效保護既有且大範圍的社區。考慮臺灣地震頻繁、老舊大樓及基礎設施眾多，以及缺乏地震超材料的本土性相關研究，本文通訊作者組成跨領域研究團隊，並於2021 年起在科技部補助下開始執行三年期整合型計畫「地震超材料結構的隔減振屏蔽:理論架構、數值模擬及實驗」。本文除回顧國外地震超材料之研究發展外，亦簡介整合型計畫的前期研究與整合現況，並提出未來可能的發展方向與策略，以期提供工程與研究人員關於隔減震的另一思維。
TitleA Review of Seismic Metamaterials for Seismic Protection
AuthorHsu-Ci Su, Hsiang-Jung Wang, Wen-Chung Chang, Tzu-Kang Lin, Cheng-Hung Lin, Tung-Yu Wu, Kuo-Chen Chang, Tung-Yang Chen
Keywordsseismic metamaterial, seismic waves, local resonance, periodic structure, wave propagation
AbstractCurrent seismic-resistant technologies include enhancement of structural strength and ductility, application of isolation systems, and adoption of energy dissipation devises. These approaches target a single building and integrate isolation and damping devices. In the area with significant numbers of aging buildings like Taiwan, retrofitting existing infrastructure with traditional methods may not be a pragmatic solution. Seismic metamaterials have emerged as a state-of-the-art research topic in the last decade. They block or deflect waves by forming a seismic shield outside the area around existing structures without direct contact with the actual buildings. The seismic metamaterials are able to complement the techniques used in current earthquake engineering; however, domestic study on this subject is limited. Therefore, Professor Tungyang Chen assembled an interdisciplinary team to conduct the 3-year integrated project titled “Seismic Metamaterials towards Cloaking Earthquakes: Theoretical Framework, Numerical Modelling and Experimental Verifications”, under the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan since 2021. This review article includes literature review on seismic metamaterials, current progress in Taiwan, and future work. The study introduces the insights of seismic metamaterials for engineers and researchers, and aims to provide alternatives from seismic isolation and energy dissipation.
標題運用致動器量測之振動台運動分析與關鍵參數識別方法–以MAST 為例
作者賴晉達、葉士瑋、翁樸文、蕭輔沛、黃百誼
關鍵字振動台、史都華平台、致動器位移轉換、力量座標轉換、參數識別
摘要為了解或驗證結構物之耐震性能，將待測物安裝於振動台檯面進行動態測試，為最直接且廣為採納之研究方法。配置於國震中心臺南實驗室之關鍵零組件測試系統(Multi-Axial Seismic Test System，簡稱MAST)係以油壓驅動之六軸向振動台。該系統配置為史都華平台(Stewart platform)式，僅採用6 支致動器即可實現六自由度運動，可降低建置成本以及系統冗餘度。本文將簡介MAST 系統，而後推導MAST 系統致動器伸長量與檯面位移之轉換關係，以及致動器出力與等值檯面作用力之轉換關係。為能有效模擬MAST 系統之動態行為，以便進行實驗規劃，本文亦將提出MAST 系統等效質量及等效摩擦力與阻尼力之識別方法。由實驗數據識別之等效質量顯示，其與MAST 原始設計之理論質量結果相當接近，表示本文提出之等效質量識別方法之可靠性。此外，相關研究通常以庫倫摩擦模型或Bouc-Wen模型描述摩擦力，本文採用Bouc-Wen 模型描述元件相互位移產生之摩擦力，因該模型於速度轉折處為連續且可微分，更易於應用於數值分析與模擬；後經迴歸分析獲取關鍵參數，發現數值模擬結果與MAST 系統量測之實驗數據相近，顯示利用Bouc-Wen 模型模擬MAST 系統內摩擦力之可行性。綜上所述，此研究將有助於了解振動台系統動態特性及探討相關識別技術，並能提供關鍵參數於後續進行數值分析以及後續與結構試體互制之動態模擬之研究。
TitleKinematics and Identification Study Applied to the Shaking Table by Using the Actuator Measurement: Take MAST for example
AuthorChin-Ta Lai, Shih-Wei Yeh, Pu-Wen Weng, Fu-Pei Hsiao, Bai-Yi Huang
Keywordsshaking table, Stewart platform, actuator kinematics, force transformation, parametric identification
Abstract“A shaking table test is one of the experimental methods widely adopted to inspect the seismic performance of structures. A multi-axial seismic test system (MAST) equipped in Tainan Laboratory, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) is a hydraulic powered six-degree-of-freedom shaking table, which consists of a rigid mass and six actuators. The placement of the actuators follows the design of the Stewart platform. Hence the MAST system can achieve 6-DOF dynamic motion with the least amount of actuators; in other words, reducing the cost and the redundancy of the system.
This article introduces the MAST system in the very first paragraph. Then the kinematics study based on the geometric relation between the actuators and the rigid platen will apply to the forward and inverse conversion of the actuator displacement/force and the platen 6-DOF displacement/force. In addition, this study proposed system identification methods to evaluate the equivalent mass and the equivalent damping and friction force of the MAST system, which are critical characteristic parameters for simulating the system’s dynamic responses. As a result, the identified equivalent mass approximates the design value, which shows the high fidelity of the proposed system identification method. Moreover, a Bouc-Wen model, which is wildly adopted on describing the friction force and numerical-friendly, is validated in this study. The parameters for Bouc-Wen model are obtained through the regression analysis by utilizing the experimental data. While the simulated results based on the Bouc-Wen model are consistent with the experimental data, it can be concluded that the equivalent mass and damping force of the MAST system or similar systems can be quickly evaluated through the proposed identification methods in this study. With the help of the proposed method, it’s possible to simulate the table motion of the MAST system or similar shaking table system, and then conduct further study, such as dynamic interaction between the system and the specimens.”
標題論「預鑄工法大小梁部分剛性接合之設計」一文中 小梁負彎矩鋼筋錨定細節之結構安全疑義
作者陳正平
關鍵字錨定、傳力路徑、摩擦剪力
摘要討論本刊「預鑄工法大小梁部分剛性接合之設計」一文中，對預鑄小梁負彎矩鋼筋進入邊梁之錨定細節不僅須符合伸展長度之規定，尚須考慮傳力路徑的完整性。
TitleDiscussion on“Design of partial rigid joint of precast girder and Beam” by Tzu-Liang Wu and Shyh-Jiann Hwang
AuthorCheng-Ping Chen
Keywordsanchorage, load transfer path, shear friction
AbstractThis article discusses some concerns about the design of partial rigid connection presented in the manuscript entitled “Design of partial rigid joint of precast girder and beam”. In the case where precast beam anchored at the spandrel beam, the negative flexure reinforcement of the precast beam should satisfy not only the development length requirements but also the integrity of load transfer path.