第三十卷第四期 (期別120) (104年)

作者:

第三十卷第四期 (期別120) (104年)

標題具耐震消能連接板之鋼橋柱耐震性能研究
作者陳生金、林南交
關鍵字耐震、消能、鋼橋柱
摘要本文介紹一創新之鋼橋柱設計，並探討其在地震下之行為，此創 新之工法可增進鋼橋柱在地震力下可提供良好之耐震性能。在鋼橋柱 之接合處其接合板以標準螺栓連結上下橋柱外，另於接合板設計消能 區，此消能區乃以設置系列之長槽孔，此長槽孔之目的在於降低連接 板之強度，使接合處之長槽孔位置之連結板可先行進入降伏，且因長 槽孔處之螺栓僅為緊貼狀態，避免長槽孔處之連接板可提供拉壓之強 度，且可使連接板進入降伏，可消散地震所輸入之能量。經由一系列 之橋柱反復受力下，證實可有效消散地震所輸入之能量，此新型之鋼 橋柱可達 6.55%變形轉角且強度未衰減。且塑性區已移至接合區，能 量消散則較傳統鋼橋柱高達 2 倍以上。且塑性區可預先選定位置，地震後可快速檢查。若消能區已發揮消能功能，亦可視需要更換消能連接板。
TitleResearch on the seismic resistance of steel bridge piers with energy dissipation plates
AuthorSheng-Jin Chen , Nan-jiao Lin
Keywordsseismic resistance , steel bridge piers , energy dissipation plates
AbstractA new type steel bridge column is proposed and examined for its seismic resistance. In this study, an innovated method is proposed for bridge column with enhanced force transmission and energy dissipation for seismic resistance. At the connection of the column, the force transmission is the same as the conventional design method. However in the connection plate, besides the conventional force transmission, part of the connection plate is designed to dissipate the seismic energy. In the designated energy dissipation area, a serial of slot-hole connections are provided. With this arrangement, the joint can provide a mechanism for force transmission and energy dissipation. A series of experimental study is carried out on the new type of bridge column. From this study, it is found that the new type steel column is able to reach seven times of yielding deformation, 6.55% radium of rotation angle, without decay on its strength. The plastic zone is moved to the connection plate. The dissipated energy based on the new method is more than two times as compare with the traditional steel bridge column. The energy dissipation zone can be preselected. After earthquake, it is easier to perform inspection, retrofit, or replace the damaged connection plate if necessary.
 
標題挫屈束制支撐鋼框補強鋼筋混凝土構架之研究
作者潘冠宇 、吳安傑 、李昭賢 、蔡克銓
關鍵字耐震補強、鋼筋混凝土結構、挫屈束制支撐、承壓塊、錨栓、軟化壓拉桿模型
摘要本研究利用鋼筋混凝土（reinforced concrete, RC）構架角隅處澆置之承壓塊作為RC 構架與補強斜撐系統間力量之傳遞介面，避免高度倚賴傳統補強工法中大量錨栓的使用，同時減少RC 構架與補強系統間之複合效應，斜撐軸力容量亦不直接受錨栓強度所限制。斜撐選用挫屈束制支撐（buckling-restrained brace, BRB）以避免傳統鋼斜撐受壓之挫屈行為，並藉由BRB 高勁度、高韌性與高消能容量的特性，以消散地震輸入之能量，降低結構受震反應。為驗證該補強工法之力量傳遞機制與耐震性能反應，並了解BRB 補強前後整體構架之性能反應差異，本研究設計兩組不同軸力容量之BRB 鋼框補強實尺寸RC 構架及一組安裝裸鋼框之RC 構架進行反覆載重試驗與非線性結構分析。試驗與分析結果顯示，本研究之耐震性能補強工法可使整體側向強度持續成長至3.0%弧度樓層側位移角，所提升之側向強度及勁度分別為安裝裸鋼框試體的2.2 及3.5 倍以上，有效提升既有RC 結構之側向強度、勁度及韌性容量，並藉由BRB 消散大部份的能量。本研究所提出之簡化分析方法及PISA3D 數值模型分析方法可供估計構架各構件之受力反應，有效預測補強構架側向強度，與試驗量測所得之構件受力反應差異均小於13.8%。此外，BRB 鋼框透過RC 構架角隅處承壓塊對梁端及柱端產生額外之局部剪力需求，可利用軟化壓拉桿模型簡算法有效且保守地評估該不連續區域構件之抗剪強度。
TitleSeismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Buckling-restrained Braced Frames
AuthorKuan-Yu Pan , An-Chien Wu, Chao-Hsien Li , Keh-Chyuan Tsai
Keywordsseismic retrofit, reinforced concrete frame, buckling-restrained brace, bearing block, post-installed anchor, softened strut-and-tie model
AbstractInstead of applying the post-installed anchors to transfer the seismic loads, the proposed retrofitting brace system consists of high-strength mortar bearing blocks constructed at the four corners of the existing reinforced concrete (RC) frame to transfer the earthquake forces. In comparison with the traditional retrofitting methods, it avoids the complex on-site anchor installation process. Thus, the brace force capacity is not directly limited by the anchor resisting strength. Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) are adopted in the proposed retrofitting system to improve the structural strength, stiffness and energy dissipation efficiency. In this study, cyclically increasing lateral displacements were imposed on two RC frames retrofitted with the same WT steel frames for different BRB strength capacities. Cyclic loading test on the third RC frame infilled with the same WT frame only was also conducted to evaluate the strength and stiffness enhancements. Test results indicate that the proposed retrofitting method is efficient in increasing the lateral strength up to the 3% drift ratio while achieving rather good ductility and energy-dissipating capacity. The increased lateral strength and stiffness were more than 2.2 and 3.5 times those of RC frame infilled with WT frame only, respectively. A simplified structural calculation and a detailed PISA3D analysis are proposed to show the effectiveness in predicting member demands to within 13.8% of the test measured test results. Under cyclic lateral loads, the steel braced frame imposes additional shear forces through the bearing blocks to both ends of the RC beam and column member discontinuity regions. In this research, the softened strut-and-tie model was satisfactorily applied in estimating the shear capacities for the discontinuity regions.
標題採最佳化黏滯阻尼設計公式之隔震實務設計流程
作者楊卓諺、王勝宣、劉紹魁、鍾立來、洪維良、陳陸民
關鍵字隔震設計流程、最佳黏滯阻尼、非設計地震
摘要由耐震設計中反應譜的觀念得知，當結構系統之週期較長時，有較低之設計地震力。而隔震系統乃呼應此一觀念，藉由延長結構系統之週期來降低上傳之水平地震力。而阻尼在隔震系統所扮演的角色，除了消能之外也能夠適當降低隔震層位移。由於地震震度與震波形式之不確定性，結構物於使用年限之間有可能碰到尖峰地表加速度(PGA)更甚於設計地震之非設計地震；或具有低頻特性之近斷層震波。因此，本文嘗試將本團隊所發表之黏滯阻尼最佳化設計公式融入業界習用之隔震設計流程，是為最佳化設計流程，並以設計地震、非設計地震、近斷層地震當作輸入，來探討業界習用之設計流程以及最佳化設計流程於隔震效果及隔震層位移之差異。本文分別針對設計地震力、1.5 倍設計地震力與近斷層地震力對一真實之隔震結構進行模擬分析。其結果顯示，兩種設計流程於三種外力下皆能有效降低加速度反應，但當外力為非設計地震力，即1.5 倍設計地震力與近斷層地震力時，僅最佳化設計流程能確保設計位移滿足隔震層位移反應之需求，故本設計流程實屬可行。而本設計流程相對於業界現行之設計流程僅多增加一步驟，並不會大幅影響工程師之設計習慣。再者，本設計流程已提供出隔震層阻尼之需求，可作為工程師決定阻尼之依據。
TitleStructural Isolation Design Procedures with Optimal Viscous Damping
AuthorCho-Yen Yang , Sheng-Hsuan Wang , Shao-Kuei Liu , Lap-Loi Chung, Wei-Liang Hung, Lu-Min Chen
Keywordsisolation design procedures, optimal viscous damping, non-design earthquake
AbstractBased on the concept of seismic design spectrum, the design seismic force is smaller when a structure possesses longer fundamental period. It is the main purpose for isolation system. The damping plays a significant role with function of energy dissipation and reducing the isolation displacement. Because of the uncertainty about earthquake intensity and fault activity, the structure may encounter a non-design earthquake with greater peak ground acceleration (PGA) or a near-fault earthquake within the structural service life. For this reason, we attempted to integrate the optimal viscous damping ratio formula into the conventional design procedures, called optimized design procedures, and chose a real case to do the time history analysis and then discussed the feasibility of optimized design procedure. Three earthquake types were utilized as input, one was the design earthquake, another was a non-design earthquake with PGA which was 1.5 times the design earthquake, the other was a near-fault earthquake. Regardless of the types of input, the isolation system with optimal damping ratio can play a good result about isolation effect and displacement. Therefore, we confirm integrating the optimal damping ratio formula into the conventional procedures is essential. For engineers, there is just one more step in the optimized design procedures than the conventional one, and the requirement of damping can be determined according to the proposed procedures.
標題實驗數據自動化參數擬合方法之研究-以BRB 實驗為例
作者莊明介、謝尚賢、吳安傑
關鍵字參數擬合、最佳化方法、梯度下降法、挫屈束制支撐、結構非線性分析
摘要地震工程研究人員在模擬結構試驗反應時，對於非線性材料模型的參數設定通常需要使用試誤法，因而耗費大量的時間。為了改善此現況，財團法人國家實驗研究院國家地震工程研究中心（國震中心）擬針對實驗數據，提供數值模型自動化參數擬合的服務。為達成此項目標，本研究針對此項服務的核心技術，即是參數擬合演算法進行研究。以國震中心經常執行的挫屈束制支撐（buckling-restrained brace, BRB）實驗為例，對於常見於鋼結構非線性模擬時，所採用的塑性硬化材料（hardening material）進行擬合演算法的探討。經由實際案例驗證，本研究以梯度下降法作為基礎，所提出的方法可以達成自動化參數擬合的目的，不僅能夠為國震中心的實驗資料庫提供加值服務，同時也創造了更多數據再利用的機會。
TitleModel fitting of the experiment of buckling-restrained brace by using gradient descent method
AuthorMing-Chieh Chuang, Shang-Hsien Hsieh, An-Chien Wu
Keywordsmodel fitting, optimization, gradient descent method, buckling-restrained brace, nonlinear simulation experiments
AbstractIn simulation of structural behavior, researchers often need to calibrate the parameters of a nonlinear material model with corresponding experimental data by using the trial and error method, which is very tedious and time consuming. To improve the efficiency of the calibration task, this research proposes an optimization approach using the classical gradient descent method to perform automated model fitting for the hardening material model of the buckling-restrained brace (BRB). Two component tests of the BRB conducted in the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering are used to test and validate the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach is not only more efficient but also more accurate in simulation of the BRB test results than the trial and error method.
標題 水泥砂漿添加飛灰與壓電材料力電性質之研究
作者 王和源、陳世豪、張書銓、林展全
關鍵字 智慧型、防災、飛灰、壓電材料、力電性質
摘要 台灣位於板塊交界帶，是地震及颱風頻繁的地區，時常造成許多天然災害，因此加強建築物智慧型功能的防災特性是急需探討解決的問題。隨著科技日新月異的進步，壓電複合材料已漸漸成為發展的趨勢，壓電複合材料也從機械、電機電子工程慢慢的轉移到土木工程，除了彌補原本基材功能上的不足，壓電材料的壓電效應也能製成控制器或感測器，大大的增加土木工程材料的功能性，讓土木工程應用最多的混凝土材料不再只是單純的優良抗壓性質，壓電材料也為混凝土增加具有許多智慧型的功能。本研究以再生材料搭配壓電材料，針對各組水泥砂漿其力學與電學之影響探討，了解水泥砂漿在不同電場環境及含水狀態下，其阻抗特性與機械行為的相關性，建立屬於再生材料與壓電材料水泥砂漿力電關係資料庫，找出各種變數間之關係，本研究利用體積法設計，比較組將飛灰取代水泥 [0%、10%、20％、30%]，壓電組則再以PZT（鋯鈦酸鉛）壓電粉末取代5%細骨材製成水泥砂漿，進行流度、抗壓強度、吸水率、50V 及100V 電阻等力電性質之相互間關係試驗。於齡期28 天時，比較組抗壓強度為31.0-20.4MPa，壓電組則29.0-19.0MPa ； SSD 狀態之電性試驗50V 以比較組較高(1870-1588Ω.cm)，壓電組則1419-1286Ω.cm；由此可知隨著飛灰取代量的增加其抗壓強度與電阻是降低的，比較組強度高於壓電組原因可能為壓電材料取代5%細骨材，且具有不吸水之特性，導致無法和細骨材及水泥作有效結合。
Title The Study for Engineering Properties of Cement Mortar added with Fly Ash and Piezoelectric Materials
Author Her-Yung Wang, Shyh-Haur Chen, Shu-Chuan Chang, Jhan-Cyue Lin
Keywords intelligent, disaster prevention, cement mortar, fly ash, piezoelectric materials (PZT), electromechanical properties
Abstract Taiwan, which is located in the plate junction, experiences frequent earthquakes, abundant rainfall during the typhoon season, and frequent natural disasters. Improvements in the intelligent disaster prevention functions of buildings are imperative. The development of piezoelectric composite materials has become more popular in recent years. Piezoelectric composite materials are used in civil engineering to compensate for the functional deficiencies of the original base materials. The piezoelectric effect of these materials can also be used for the preparation of controllers or sensors, which greatly increase the technological capabilities of civil engineering structures. The function of concrete, the most common material in civil engineering, is no longer to simply resist pressure; with the advent of intelligent piezoelectric materials. In this study, the piezoelectric material with recycled materials, for each group to explore the impact of cement mortar mechanical and electrical, the understanding of cement mortar in different farm environment and water content, the relevance of their impedance characteristics and mechanical behavior of recycled materials and to establish their piezoelectric materials cement mortar Electro relationship database to identify the relationship between the various variables. The cement mortar materials prepared by replacing the cement component with varying amounts of fly ash 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively (control group). The piezoelectric materials were prepared by replacing the 5% fine aggregate with piezoelectric powder (PZT group). The electromechanical properties were tested to assess the correlations among flow, compressive strength, water absorption, and electricity at 50 V and 100 V. The correlations between these properties were also investigated. At the curing age of 28 days, the compressive strength of the control group was in the range of 31.0-20.4 MPa, whereas the compressive strength of PZT group was in the range of 29.0-19.0 MPa. The control group exhibited higher results (1870-1588Ω.cm) in the electricity property test under 50 V, whereas PZT group exhibited lower results (1419-1286Ω.cm). The compressive strength and results of the electricity property tests demonstrated that the compressive strength and electrical resistance decreased as the replacement of fly ash increased. The strength of the control group was higher than the strength of PZT group because 5% of the fine aggregate was replaced by the piezoelectric material and the piezoelectric material was water-resistant. However, this study was just 5% of the fine aggregate replaced by the piezoelectric material that regarding the compressive strength.