第三十六卷第三期 (期別141) (110年)
橋梁工程特刊
客座主編：曾榮川
| 標題 | 安坑輕軌線跨新店溪安心橋之橋梁配置與設計 |
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| 作者 | 張英發、張志斌 、張容慈 |
| 關鍵字 | 斜張橋、鋼桁架橋、風洞試驗 |
| 摘要 | 安坑輕軌計畫位於新北市，為政府積極推動之三環六線之一，路線行經 新店及安坑地區，其中跨越新店溪部分之橋梁即為安心橋。因此處路線與新 店溪河道以41度角度斜交，並於新店端設置一處轉彎以便進入K9車站(十四 張站)，使得跨越行水區長度長達500公尺，另受限於行水區內僅能設置兩處 橋墩之限制，在橋梁跨度、高度及橋墩斷面尺寸及型式皆須符合軌道系統以 及防洪水利需求條件下，安心橋採用國內首見且國外亦少有案例之複合式 斜張鋼桁架橋。 安坑輕軌安心橋以大跨度不落墩的方式跨越深槽區，採用三跨連續桁 架主梁之配置（225m+150m+127m=502m），除可滿足軌道結構物對於變位 的要求外，亦可維持轉彎段軌道與結構變位的一致性。本橋受限於橋墩位置 ，採用單柱式A型傾斜橋塔及雙索面鋼索配置，克服長短跨徑差異產生的不 平衡力影響，達到力與美的設計目標。此外，桁架主梁搭配斜張橋之分析與 模擬，以及轉彎段與漸變段之鋼桁架設計細節，加上軌道橋梁在設計上須考 量的項目，均為本橋有別於一般大跨度橋梁之設計特點。 安心橋不論在規模、跨距、量體、工程難度等，均屬國內軌道橋梁首見 ，本文除就安心橋之規劃設計做整體敘述外，也將針對軌道橋梁所需考量之 耐震設計、耐風設計以及構造細節等議題逐一介紹，以提供未來相關工程參 考。 |
| Title | Planning and Design of AnShin Bridge, the Ankeng LRT System Xindian River Crossing Bridge |
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| Author | Teo Eng-Huat, Chang Jhih-Bin, Chang Jung-Tzu |
| Keywords | Cable-Stayed Bridge, Steel Truss Bridge, Wind Tunnel Test |
| Abstract | Ankeng LRT, located in New Taipei City, is a part of the “3 ring & 6 line railway project”. The route goes through Xindian and Ankeng area, and the section crossing Xindian River is the AnShin Bridge. Since the route crossing Xindian River has a skew with the river channel in 41 degrees, and there is a big turn in the Xindian side in order to enter the K9 station, it makes distance crossing river over 500 m. Moreover, there is a restriction which allows only 2 piers in the Xindian river reservation. In order to fulfill the requirement of the hydrographic as well as the railway system, a cable-stayed and truss composite bridge is used, which is the first in Taiwan and are seldom used in the foreign as well. AnShin Bridge crosses the deep trench area with a big span, a three-span continuous truss girder is used (225m+150m+127m=502m) for the bridge, not only can fulfill the deflection restriction of the railway structure, but also can keep the deformation continuity of the rail and structure at the curve route section. Since the location of the pier is restricted, the A-shaped inclined tower with single pier and the arrangement of the cable was well designed to surmount the imbalanced force due to unbalanced span. Last but not least, the analysis and modeling of the cable-stayed bridge with truss girder, the design detail of the curve and gradient steel truss, and the extra consideration for the railway bridge are some of the design features of AnShin Bridge which is different from the usual. The Anshin Bridge are special not only in the scale, span and design features, but also in the steel details and construction challenge. The design of AnShin Bridge is carried out in this article, some railway bridge design feature including seismic design, wind resistance design as well as the structural detail are also introduced, provide as a reference for the future engineering related project. |
| 標題 | 新北市三鶯二橋新建工程之規劃設計與施工 |
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| 作者 | 彭康瑜 、吳明興 、蕭天任 |
| 關鍵字 | 密排倒T型預鑄預力梁、橋梁快速施工、跨越鐵路施工 |
| 摘要 | 近年來新北市政府極力發展各項建設及推動觀光，土城區、樹林區、三 峽區及鶯歌區之交通量成長快速，面對交通建設急迫性、道路安全需求性、 瓶頸路段改善及觀光發展區聯外道路需求等因素，必須積極因應與改善。其 中，三鶯大橋為鶯歌與樹林通往三峽市道110與國道3號三鶯交流道之重要 聯絡橋梁，由於現況交通服務水準尖峰時間已達到F級，為積極改善此交通 瓶頸，新北市政府推動三鶯二橋新建工程（以下稱本工程），銜接台北大學 特定區內之40m道路（大義路），以分擔市道110及三鶯大橋之車流。 三鶯二橋的規劃路線，於穿越國道3號、跨越大漢溪及台鐵軌道後，以 迴轉方式銜接市道114，在穿越國道路段，採用國內首創倒T型預鑄預力梁， 爭取橋下淨高並加速橋梁施工，確保國道交通維持的順暢。跨越大漢溪與台 鐵軌道，採大跨徑鋼箱型梁橋設計，克服汛期與鄰接鐵路施工的風險。本文 旨在提出本工程的設計考量與施工經驗，期對國內工程界有一建設性的參考。 |
| Title | Planning, Design and Construction of the Sanying Second Bridge in New Taipei City |
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| Author | Kang-Yu Peng, Ming-Sing Wu, Tien-Jen Hsiao |
| Keywords | Adjacent precast PC inverted T-beam, Accelerating Bridge Construction, Construction crossing over the railroad |
| Abstract | In recent years, New Taipei City Government has made great efforts to develop various constructions and promote tourism. The rapid growth of traffic volume in Tucheng District, Shulin District, Sanxia District and Yingge District must be actively responded and improved, facing the factors such as urgency of transportation construction, road safety requirements, bottleneck section improvement and the demands for access roads to tourism-developing districts. Among other things, the Sanying Bridge is an important one connecting Yingge and Shulin to Sanxia City Road No.110 and Sanying Interchange of National Highway No. 3. As the current service level of traffic has reached F-level during peak hours, in order to actively improve the traffic bottleneck, New Taipei City Government promotes the construction of the Sanying Second Bridge (hereinafter referred to as this project) to connect the 40m road (Dayi Road) in the Designated Area of Taipei University to share the traffic flow of City Road No. 110 and the Sanying Bridge. The planned route of the Sanying Second Bridge connects City Road No. 114 in a turning manner after crossing National Highway No. 3, the Dahan River and the track of Taiwan Railway. It adopts the first domestic inverted T-shaped, precast and prestressed beam to strive for the clearance under the bridge and to boost construction to ensure maintaining smooth traffic of national highway. By using large-span steel box girder for the bridge to cross the Dahan River and the track of Taiwan Railway, the design overcomes the risks of construction during the flood season and railway adjacency. This article aims to provide the design considerations and construction experience of this project which is expected to give a constructive reference to the domestic construction community. |
| 標題 | 預力橋梁結構檢核與輕量化設計輔助介面開發 |
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| 作者 | 陳冠淳 、李柏辛 、宋冠諭 、李家萱、 彭知行 、陳正鴻 、宋裕祺 |
| 關鍵字 | 預力混凝土橋梁、輕量化設計、程式開發 |
| 摘要 | 預力混凝土橋梁在施工期間與完工後，或因採用工法不同、或因混凝土 潛變乾縮及預力鋼腱鬆弛等特性導致結構應力與撓度具備時變特性，結構 設計時須能考量此些過程，確認造成構件可能發生最大應力究係發生於各 施工階段或完工使用階段，乃至於是受何種因素影響所及，方能獲得合理的 設計成果。為能執行此一設計程序，大量的分析工作實不可避免，設計輔助 介面開發亦屬需要。 本研究係依據鐵路橋梁設計規範、鐵路橋梁耐震設計規範、公路橋梁設 計規範與公路橋梁耐震設計規範，建立預力混凝土橋梁之檢核與輕量化輔 助設計介面，並說明此介面計算原理與流程。為有效降低輕軌捷運橋梁斷面 尺寸，本研究依逃生走道需求及橋梁電力設施、隔音牆配置等，提出中路式 箱型梁斷面，作為輕量化方案進行有限元素模型分析與設計，並與實際案例 進行比較。透過本檢核與輕量化輔助設計介面可以大量執行繁複的分析工 作，可以減少人為錯誤與檢核時間、提高設計效率、供使用者快速得到設計 檢核結果、提升操作便利性。分析結果顯示，中路式箱型梁斷面在該案例中 ，上部結構斷面積減少約20%，橋柱斷面積則減少約2.5%。 |
| Title | Development of Computer-aid Design System for Prestressed Concrete Bridges Considering Weight-minimum |
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| Author | Guan-Chun Chen, Po-Hsin Lee, Guan-yu Sung, Jia-Hsuan Li, Chih-Hsing Peng, Zheng-Hong Chen, Yu-Chi Sung |
| Keywords | Prestressed concrete bridges; Weight-minimum design; Program development |
| Abstract | Based on the specifications of railway bridges and highway bridges, this study developed the computer-aid design system for weight-minimum of prestressed concrete railway bridges. Creep, shrinkage, and relaxation would cause variation of the prestress tendons and deflection of the structure, leading to a lot of analyses in design. Through the computer-aid design system, complicated analysis can be performed quickly to obtain results, reduce human errors, and improve design efficiency.The results show that the optimized section is valid for reducing the superstructure section area by around 20 % and reducing the area of the pier section by around 2.5%.” |
| 標題 | 應用高強度鋼筋混凝土於斷層近域橋梁之耐震性能設計 |
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| 作者 | 劉光晏 、吳振揚 |
| 關鍵字 | 高強度鋼筋混凝土、橋柱、近斷層地震、應變率、耐震性能檢核 |
| 摘要 | 本研究採用本土化之高強度鋼筋混凝土受圍束之應力應變關係，探討 高強度混凝土取代一般強度混凝土後，在相同的上部結構載重作用下，對於 橋柱斷面尺寸與鋼筋用量縮減之影響。案例分析顯示，因材料強度提升後使 橋柱斷面縮小，造成結構周期延長與地震力下降，進一步達到橋柱主筋減量 的雙重目標。此外，當橋梁工址位於斷層近域，如採用一般強度或高強度鋼 筋混凝土材料，並納入速度脈衝引致高應變率來提升材料強度之貢獻，亦可 有效縮減橋柱斷面及節省主筋量。設計成果採用ATC-40容量震譜法與Fu-RT強度韌性折減法，耐震性能檢核均符合，驗證高強度混凝土橋柱之斷面尺寸與鋼筋量更具經濟性。 |
| Title | Seismic Performance Design of New RC Bridges subjected to Near-Fault Earthquakes |
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| Author | Kuang-Yen Liu, Chen-Yang Wu |
| Keywords | high-strength concrete, bridge column, near-fault earthquake, strain rate, seismic performance assessment |
| Abstract | This study adopts the stress-strain relationship of localized high-strength reinforced concrete to explore the effect of replacing general-strength concrete with high-strength concrete on the reduction of the cross-sectional dimensions of the bridge column and the amount of steel under the same superstructure load. Case analysis shows that the increase in material strength reduces the crosssection of the bridge column, resulting in an extension of the structural period and a decrease in seismic force, which further achieves the dual goal of reducing the main reinforcement of the bridge column. In addition, when the bridge site is located near the fault, if conventional and high-strength reinforced concrete materials are used, and the contribution of the speed pulse to the high strain rate and the enhancement of the material strength is incorporated, it can also effectively reduce the cross-section of the bridge column and save the amount of main reinforcements. The design results adopt the ATC-40 capacity seismic spectrum method and the Fu-R-T strength and ductility reduction method, and the seismic performance assessment are consistent, verifying that the crosssectional size and the amount of steel reinforcement of the high-strength concrete bridge column are more economical. |
| 標題 | 縱向鋼筋比及高寬比對鋼筋混凝土橋柱遲滯衰減行為之影響 |
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| 作者 | 王柄雄 、鄭維中 、張國鎮 |
| 關鍵字 | 鋼筋混凝土、橋柱、縱向鋼筋、高寬比、遲滯行為、衰減 |
| 摘要 | 為了解縱向鋼筋比及高寬比對鋼筋混凝土橋柱遲滯衰減行為之影響， 本研究規劃五座矩形橫箍筋橋柱之反覆載重試驗，考慮之縱向鋼筋比為 0.75%、1.5%及3.0%，橋柱之高寬比為3、6及10。再加上文獻相關圓形螺箍 筋橋柱之試驗結果，以綜合探討不同斷面圍束型式及設計參數對多項結構 性質之衰減特性，如強度衰減、勁度折減及束縮行為之影響。試驗結果顯示 ，橋柱之勁度折減程度及加載路徑之束縮嚴重程度，皆會隨著縱向鋼筋比的 降低而趨於嚴重；而高寬比對勁度折減之影響不甚明顯，但加載路徑之束縮 效應則是會隨著高寬比的降低而趨於嚴重。此外，在相同的縱向鋼筋比及滿 足耐震設計規範最低橫向鋼筋用量的前提下，圓形螺箍柱因有較好的圍束 作用，其衰減幅度會比矩形橫箍柱來的輕微。在試體破壞模式的比較方面， 矩形橫箍柱主要因其箍繫筋之彎鉤外撐鬆脫以致圍束失效，而產生漸進式 的強度衰減破壞；圓形螺箍柱則為螺箍筋發揮至極限應變斷裂以致圍束機 制崩解，而發生急遽的強度損失破壞。 |
| Title | Effects of Longitudinal Reinforcement and Aspect Ratios on Deteriorated Hysteresis Behaviors of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns |
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| Author | Ping-Hsiung Wang, Wei-Chung Cheng, Kuo-Chun Chang |
| Keywords | reinforced concrete, bridge column, longitudinal reinforcement, aspect ratio, hysteresis behavior, deteriorations |
| Abstract | To study the effects of longitudinal reinforcement and aspect ratios on the deteriorated hysteresis behaviors of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns, five rectangular RC column specimens with hoop and tie reinforcements are tested under cyclic loading considering longitudinal reinforcement ratios of 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3.0% and aspect ratios of 3, 6, and 10. Furthermore, another five circular RC columns with spiral reinforcement and similar test scheme obtained in the literature are included to further compare the differences of deterioration characteristics resulting from various confining mechanisms. Test results show that the stiffness degradation and pinching severity of column would increase as its longitudinal reinforcement decreases. The pinching severity of column would also increase with decreasing aspect ratio, but the stiffness degradation is barely affected by the aspect ratio. Moreover, due to the well confinement effects, the severity of deteriorations of circular columns are less than those of rectangular columns with the same longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the minimum transverse reinforcements required by seismic design codes. Besides, the failure of rectangular columns is mainly caused by the loosening of transverse reinforcements at seismic hooks, leading to gradually deteriorated confinement and strength. In contrast, the failure of circular columns is primarily induced by the fracture of spirals, resulting in destruction of confinement mechanism and sudden strength loss. |
| 標題 | 側推分析暨𝐹௨- 𝑅- 𝑇法於橋梁耐震評估強化及其演算法之建議 |
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| 作者 | 曾榮川 、黃鎮齊 、劉靖俞 、周贊翔 |
| 關鍵字 | 動力歷時分析、側推分析、容量曲線、容量譜曲線、雙線性化、 EPA(有效最大地表加速度) |
| 摘要 | 側推分析暨Fu‐R‐T法目前為國內橋梁耐震能力檢核或評估所普遍採用， 但在實務應用上仍有多方面待檢討釐清及擴充強化，以進一步了解此方法 的適用性及變異性，確保分析評估結果的可靠度。本文提出了對水平譜加速 度係數短、中週期分界T0的擴充，以及求得譜位移Sd對應之EPA(有效最大地 表加速度)的演算法，建立連續的EPA與受力狀況(如位移、塑鉸韌性比等)曲 線，並經由規則橋梁簡化模型的案例分析，與非線性動力歷時分析結果比較 檢討，確認其適用性與可靠度。利用此一連續的EPA與受力狀況曲線，結合 橋址處的地震危害度，可作為量化計算橋梁震害風險成本或補強效益的依 據基礎。除此外，本文也針對容量譜曲線雙線性化方法的研析檢討，證明了 採用「非彈塑性雙線性化」方法，將會得到較「彈塑性雙線性化」方法為高 的橋梁耐震能力，且有相當幅度，在實務應用上須謹慎注意。 |
| Title | Recommendations of Pushover Analysis and 𝑭𝒖- 𝑹- 𝑻 method for Bridge Seismic Capacity Evaluation and its Algorithm |
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| Author | Dzong-Chwang Dzeng, Dzong-Chwang Dzeng, Ching-Yu Liu, Tsan-Hsiang Chou |
| Keywords | dynamic time history analysis, pushover analysis, capacity curve, capacity spectrum curve, bilinearization, EPA (Effective Peak Acceleration) |
| Abstract | While the approach combined pushover analysis with 𝐹௨- 𝑅- 𝑇 process is universally adopted in examination and evaluation of seismic capacity for domestic bridge, there are still many aspects to be reviewed, clarified, expanded and improved to further recognize its applicability and variation and to ensure the reliability of the analyzed results. This work presents an algorithm expanding the period 𝑇 at the end of constant spetral design acceleration plateau to obtain the 𝐸𝑃𝐴 (effective peak acceleration) corresponding to any spectrum displacement 𝑆ௗ ), establishing the continuous 𝐸𝑃𝐴 and load condition curve (e.g. displacement and plastic hinge ductility ratio) and verifying its applicability and reliability by comparing the results of simplified regular bridge model analysis with nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis. Combining this continuous EPA and load condition curve with seismic hazard at bridge site, it could be the basis for quantified calculation of bride seismic risk costs and the benefits of retrofit. In addition, this work also studies and reviews the bilinearization method of capacity spectrum curve. It proves that a much greater seismic capacity would be obtained by the “non-elastoplastic bi-linearization method” than the “elastoplastic bi-linearization method” . It should be cautious in practical applications. |
| 標題 | 以支持向量回歸法預測平滑遲滯模型參數之研究 |
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| 作者 | 林子剛 、楊子慧 、張皓惇 、王柄雄 、張國鎮 |
| 關鍵字 | 支持向量機，支持向量回歸，平滑遲滯模型，勁度衰減，束縮 |
| 摘要 | 本研究開發一套以人工智慧為基礎的模型，將其用於預測平滑遲滯模 型(Smooth Hysteretic Model, SHM)的相關參數。近年來以Bouc-Wen模型為 基礎的平滑遲滯模型常被用於判定損害累積與遲滯迴圈的加載路徑，該類 模型包含五種主要參數，這些參數用以描述受撓曲為主的鋼筋混凝土 (Reinforced Concrete, RC)橋柱之耐震性能。其中，與時間變化相關的參數， 僅能透過實驗取得，但實際上無法頻繁使用真實結構物進行試驗，進而影響 平滑遲滯模型的實用性。雖然平滑遲滯模型的方便性有待商榷，但其性能表 現優於其他現有的遲滯模型，因此本研究試以支持向量回歸法(supportvector regression, SVR)，結合人工智慧與平滑遲滯模型的優勢，開發一套更 加完善之遲滯模型，以利橋梁震損與耐震性評估。研究資料取自近年來進行 實驗之九座不同RC橋柱，樣本資料共有119筆勁度衰減參數與81筆束縮參數資料。並以80%資料進行訓練，其餘20%資料用於測試。將各橋柱的主筋比 、高寬比、位移及殘餘位移做為輸入參數，透過支持向量回歸法，預測出該 橋柱之勁度衰減與束縮參數。該方法能在低誤差的情況下，精準預測各項時變參數。最後，將分別以支持向量回歸法預測之參數，與實驗數據識別之參 數繪製之遲滯迴圈進行比較。分析結果表明，利用本研究所提出之方法，可 以進行可靠的橋柱耐震性預測，無須進行繁雜的實驗流程，即可達成協助平滑遲滯模型預測橋柱之震損程度與耐震特性。 |
| Title | Hysteretic Model Parameters with Using Support Vector Regression |
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| Author | Tzu-Kang Lin, Tzu-Hui Yang, Hao-Tun Chang, Ping-Hsiung Wang, Kuo-Chun Chang |
| Keywords | support vector regression, smooth hysteretic model, pinching, stiffness degradation |
| Abstract | This study developed artificial intelligence–based models for predicting smooth hysteretic model (SHM) parameters. Recently, an SHM based on the Bouc–Wen model was developed to determine damage accumulation and path dependence of reloading. The model comprises five main parameters that describe the seismic behavior of ductile, flexure-dominated reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns. However, each time-variant parameter can be derived only through practical experiments and cannot be tested on actual structures; therefore, the SHM is not very practical. In this study, support-vector regression (SVR) was adopted to capitalize on the advantages of the developed SHM, which exhibits superior performance to other existing hysteresis models. Nine different RC bridge columns were tested under displacement time histories, and a total of 119 samples were acquired. Of the samples, 80% were used for training and the remaining 20% were used for testing. The longitudinal reinforcement ratio, aspect ratio, and displacement or residual displacement of individual columns were set as the inputs to the SVR models, and the pinching and stiffness degradation parameters were set as the model output. Time-variant parameters could be predicted accurately with low deviation and error percentages. Moreover, hysteresis loops were generated using the identification parameters, and the SVR prediction results were compared with experimental data. The results indicated that the seismic behavior of the RC bridge columns could be estimated with high reliability using the proposed method without the support of experimental progress and support the SHM to predict the degree of damage. “ |